Praxis Review Flashcards by Nicole Mortellite

supplies the energy for speech

Respiration or breathing

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involves voicing and the structures and processes that create voice

Phonation

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process by which the voice or laryngeal tone is modified by various supra laryngeal cavities and structures

Resonation

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process of making speech sounds

Articulation

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brings oxygen to the blood

inspiration/inhalation

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get rid of mixed air and gases which result from respiratory metabolism

expiration/exhalation

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exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

respiration

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inhalation and exhalation create the

rhythmic cycle or respiration

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provides the air supply needed to set the vocal folds into vibration for speech

Respiration

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The basic process of inhalation can be described as:

inhalation->chest and lungs expand -> diaphragm lowers -> air flows in through the nose and mouth -> air goes down pharynx between open vocal folds -> air continues downward through trachea and bronchial tubes -> air reaches final destination of lungs

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The exchange of gas in respiration is accomplished in the _______

lungs

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The _______ are tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea

bronchi

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Tube formed by approximately 20 rings of cartilage

trachea

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How many individual vertebrae into the spinal column

32-33

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muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax

diaphragm

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houses structures such as the intestines, liver, and kidneys

abdomen

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11 paired _____________ pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

internal intercostals

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11 paired _____________ raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation

external intercostals

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elevated the sternum and indirectly the rib cage

sternocleidomastoid

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controls the head and elongates the neck indirectly influencing respiration

trapezius

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lies at the top of the trachea in the anterior portion of the neck; valving mechanism that opens and closes

larynx

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vibrate to produce sound

vocal folds

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move toward the midline

adduct

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move away from the midline

abduct

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drops to cover the orifice of the larynx

epiglottis

forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx

thyroid cartilage

completely surrounds the trachea; uppermost tracheal ring

cricoid cartilage

small pyramid shaped carriages connected to the cricoid; permits sliding and circular movements

arytenoid cartilage

small cone-shaped; assist in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing

corniculate cartilage

tine cone-shaped; serve to stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds

cunieform cartilage

responsible for controlling sound production

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

muscle that vibrates and produces sound

internal thyroarytenoid muscles

lengthens and tenses the vocal folds

cricothyroid muscle

contract and pull the arytenoids closer together

oblique and transverse arrytenoid cartilages

Which nerves innervate the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of cranial nerve X

support the larynx and fix its position; all attached to the hyoid bone

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

lower or raise the position of the larynx within the neck

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

primary function is to elevate the larynx

elevators or suprahyoid muscles

Suprahyoid muscles include:

digrastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus

depression of the larynx

infrahyoid muscles

Infrahyoid muscles include:

thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid

The three layers of the vocal folds include:

1- epithelium- outer cover 2- lamina propria- middle layer 3- vocalis muscle- provides stability and mass to VF

separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway

aryepiglottic folds

vibrate only at very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during phonation

false vocal folds

vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and elasticity of the vocal folds

myo-elastic aerodynamic theory

caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds; sucking motion of the vocal folds toward one another

bernoulli effect

Primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control:

primary motor cortex, brocas area, somatosensory cortex, supplemetary motor cortex

regulates motor movement

cerebellum

innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

CN VII

includes the SLN and RLN to innervate the larynx

CN X

provides sensory info to the larynx and motor innervation soley to the cricothyroid muscle

Superior Laryngeal Nerve

supplies motor innervation to the interarytenoid posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles; all sensory information below the vocal folds

recurrent laryngeal nerve

process by which the voice or laryngeal tone is modified when some frequency components are dampened and others are enhanced

Resonation

part of the upper airway; located superiorly and posteriorly to the larynx

pharynx

elevated and retracted for production of all other sound in English

velum

vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes: the oval cavity, pharynx, nasal cavity

source filter theory

energy from the vibrating vocal folds is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract

source-filter theory

movement of speech structures to produce speech sounds

articulation

when the soft palate is raised and retracted the muscles of the pharynx also move inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate

velopharyngeal closure

the way the two dental arches come together when a person bites down

occlusion

include deviations in the positions of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of the upper and lower dental arches

Malocclusions

four parts of the tongue:

tip- thinnest and most flexible blade- lies inferior to the alveolar ridge dorsum- large area of the tongue that lies in contact with bot the hard and soft palate root- very back and bottom portion of the tongue

connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue

lingual frenulum

act as scavengers to remove dead cells and other waste

Schwann cells

central building blocks of the nervous system, are composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon

Neurons

Some nerves have _______ around them. Various types of nerves transmit impulses to and from the _____________

myelin sheath | central nervous system

List the cranial nerves:

``` Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Acoustic Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal Accessory Hypoglossal ```

CN that carry sensory information fro a sense organ to the brain

Sensory nerves

carry impulses from the brain to the muscles that make those muscles move

Motor nerves

Damage to CN____ may result in an inability to close the mouth, difficulty chewing, and trigeminal neuralgia

X -Vagus

Damage to CN____ results in mask like appearance with minimal or no facial expressions

VII - Facial

Damage to CN _____ results in hearing loss problems with balance or both

VIII - Acoustic (Vestibucochlear)

Damage to CN _____ results in difficulty swallowing, unilateral loss of the gag reflex, and loss of taste and sensation from the posterior third of the tongue

IX - Glossopharyngeal

regulates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, excluding the cricothyroid which is supplied by the SLN

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

supplies the pharyngeal constrictors

Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Damage to CN ____ results in difficulty swallowing, paralysis of the velum, and voice problems if the RLN is damages

X - Vagus

Damage to CN ____may result in neck weakness, paralysis of sternocleidomastoid, consequent inability to turn the head as well as inability to shrug the shoulders or raise the arm above shoulder level

XI - Accessory

Damage to CN ____ result in tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility,swallowing problems

XII - hypoglossal

The ________ transmit motor information from the CNS to the muscles and carry sensory information from peripheral receptors to the CNS

Spinal Nerves

controls and regulates the internal environment of our bodies

ANS

Which CN are most directly related to speech:

CN V, VII, VIII, IX,X, XI, XII

the ________ of the ANS mobilizes the body for "fight or flight" situations

sympathetic branch

The ________ branch of the ANS helps bring the body back to a state of relaxation

parasympathetic branch

Acts as a motor command center for planning, originating, and carrying out the transmission of messages

CNS

most important structure in the body for language,speech, and hearing

brain

Structure of the brainstem include:

midbrain pons medulla

control many motor and sensory functions, including postural reflexes, visual reflexes, eye movement and coordination of vestibular-generated eye and head movement

Midbrain

transmits information relative to movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum

pons

controls vital automatic bodily function such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure

medulla

integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it

reticular activating system

primary mechanism of attention and consciousness

RAS

regulated sesnory information that flows into the brain and relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex

thalmus

helps integrate actions of the ANS and control emotions

hypothalamus

helps regulate and modify cortically initiate motor movements including speech

extrapyramidal system

little brain; modulator of neuronal activity through it efferent and afferent circuits

cerebellum

abnormal gait, disturbed balanch, and ataxic dysarthria

ataxia

biggest and most important CNS structure for language, speech, and hearing

cerebrum

shall valley

sulcus

deep valleys

fissures

cricitical to deliberate information of plans and intentions that dictate a persons conscious behavior

frontal lobe

The frontal lobe contains areas that are especially important to speech production these include:

primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and Brocas area

controls voluntar y movements of skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body

primary motor cortex

involved in motor planning of speech and regulating muscle movements

supplementary motor cortex

motor speech area that controls motor movements involved in speech production

Brocas area

integrated contralateral somesthetic sensations such as pressure , pain, temperature, and touch

Parietal Lobe

The two areas of the parietal lobe important to speech production are:

supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus

damage to the supra marginal gyrus can cause:

conduction aphasia and agraphia

damage to the angular gyrus can cause:

writing, reading, and naming difficulties and sometimes transcortical sensory aphasia

The areas in the temporal lobe involved in speech:

primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area

critical to the comprehension of spoken and written language

wernickes area

patient produces fluent but meaningless speech and experience significant language comprehension problems

Wernickes aphasia

direct motor activation pathway that is primary responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement

pyramidal system

voluntary movements needed to produce speech and initiated in the ________

primary motor cortex

motor neurons in the spinal and cranial nerves; part of the peripheral nervous system

lower motor neurons

motor fibers within the central nervous system

upper motor nerouns

allow areas within each hemisphere to communicate with each other; composed of myelinated axonal fibers or white matter

interhemisphereic fibers

interhemispheric fibers inclue:

projection association commissural

create connections between the cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord

projection fibers

________ relay sensory information from the peripheral sense organs to the brain. _______ come together in the internal capsule and pass through the thalamus and basal ganglia

Afferent | Efferent

maintain communication between the structures in a hemisphere

association fibers

thick broad band of myelinated fibers that connects the two hemispheres at their base

corpus collosum

The brain is protected by three structures:

layer of skill skull bones layers of tissues (meninges)

Three layers of meninges membranes:

dura mater - thick tough outermost membrane arachnoid: thin delicate weblink middle membrane pia mater: delicate thin transparanet membrane that adheres to brain surface

The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear masses which are:

globus pallidus caudate nucleus putamen

composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx; separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway

aryepiglottic folds

muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are:

palatoglossus tensor veli palatini levator veli palatini

which muscles are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds?

lateral circoarytenoids and transverse aryetnoids

The cerebral hemispheres are connected by:

commisural fibers

The primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe is located on the:

precentral gyrus

code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and expierience

language

production of language

speech

scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language

phonology

smallest units of sound that can affect meaning

phonemees

variations of phonemes

allophones

abstract system of sounds

phonemic

concrete productions of specific sounds

phonetic

study of speech sounds

Phonetics

respiratory system consists of the :

lungs diaphragm rib cage airway and related strcutures

vocal fold vibrations create _____ necessary for voiced sounds

phonation

modification of sound by structure or cavities through which the sound passes

resonance

production of speech sounds

articulation

slash marks = | brackets =

phonemic transcription | phonetic transctiption

record more detail about how a speaker produces sounds; includes diacritical markers

narrow phonetic transctiption

smalles phonetic unit

syllable

initial consonant or consonant cluster of a syllable

onset

vowel or diphthong in the midd of the syllable

nucleus

consonant at the end of the syllable

coda

_____ may be termed syllabics because they carry syllables

vowels

open syllables end in ______ | closed syllables end in _______

vowels | consonants

unique characteristic of a phoneme that distinguishes one phoneme from another

distinctive feature

refers to the location of the sounds production indicating the primary articulators that shape the sounds

place of articulation

refers to vocal fold vibration during production of sounds

voicing

refers to the degree or type of constriction on the vocal tract during consonant production

manner of articulation

speech sounds produced by movements of articulatory muscles; an be voiced or voiceless

consonants

produced when the dorm of the tongue contracts the velum

linguavelars | g,j,ing

produced when the tongue blade is pressed against the hard palate to form the point of constriction just posterior to the alveolar ridge

linguapalatals | j,r,dj,ch,j,sh

produced by contact of the tip of the tongue with the alveolar ridge

lingua-alveolars | s,z,n,l,t,d

produced by protruding the tongue tip slighting between the cutting edge of the lower and upper front teeth, forming narrow constriction

lingua dental | th sounds

produced by mutual contact of the upper and lower lips

bilabials | w,m,b,,p

produced by placing the lower edge of the upper teeth on the upper portion of the low lip

labiodentals | f,v

produced at the level of the glottis, vocal folds are open

glottals | h

sounds that are identical in every way except voicing

cognate pairs

Vowels are produced with a ______ because all vowels are ________

open vocal tract | voiced

produced as a slow gliding movement from one vowel to the adjacent vowel

diphthong

compromise two types of variations according to preceding and following sounds; variations in the way the articulators move; extent to which vocal tract configurations change shape

adaptations

speech sounds are modified due to the influence of adjacent sounds

assimilation

influence of one phoneme upon another phoneme in production or perception

coarticulation

two different articulators move simulataneously to produce to different speech sounds; creating both adaptation and assimilation

coarticulation

features of prosody, add meaning, variety, and color to running speech

suprasegmentals

Most commonly described suprasegmental that affect speech production:

``` length stress rate pitch volume and juncture ```

refers to the speech with which a person speaks

rate

auditory sensation of the frequency with which the vocal folds vibrate

pitch

sound pressure; loudness

intensity

vocal punctuation, combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing

juncture

study of the physical properties of sound and how sound is generated and propagated

acoustics

study of how humans respond to sound as a physical phemonmenon

psychoacoustics

movements of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules

sound waves

phase of sound in which the vibratory movement of an object increase the density of air molecules because the molecules are compressed or condensed

compression

thinning of air molecules when the vibrating object returns to equilibrium

rarefaction

sound waves that don't repeat themselves

aperiodic waves

sound waves that repeat themselves at regular interval and are predictable

periodic waves

strength or magnitude of a sound signal

amplitude

quality of sound that creates a sensation of loudness

intensity

measure of sound that equals one tenth of a bel

referes to the back and forth movement of the air molecules because of a vibrating object

oscillation

vector quantity that tends to produce an acceleration of a body in the direction of its application

force

unit of measure for frequency; cycle per second

Hertz

lowest frequency of a periodic wave

fundamental frequency

interval between two frequencies

octave

sound waves traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in the speed of propagation

reflection

bending of the sound wave due to a change in its speed propagation

refraction

modification of sound by other sources

resonance

the two main properties of a medium that affect transmission of sound are:

mass (density) and elasticity

number of times a cycle of vibration repeats itself

frequency

when a tone contains a single frequency

pure tone

two or more single frequency tones of differing frequencies are combined

complex tone

measure of the number of cycles per second or Hz

frequency

normal ear of young adults can respond to :

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

study of word structure

morphology

smalles meaningful unit of sound

morpheme

words that have meaning and cannot be broken down into small segments

free morphemes

cannot convey meaning by themselves and must be joined to have meaning

bound morphemes

study of sentence structure

syntax

study of meaning in language; vocabulary or lexicon

semantics

all round items are balls is an example of

overextension

only an oreo is a cookie is an example of

underextension

study of rules that govern the use language is social situations

pragmatics

how utterances are related to one another

discourse

form of discourse in which the speaker tells a story

narrative

analyzes language according to five components; morphology, syntax,semantics, pragmatics, and phonology

linguistic approach

speech that includes several characters that help babies attend and respond; higher pitch and greater pitch inflections

motherese

Stages of pragmatics include:

perlocutionary illocutionary locutionary joint reference

one-word sentences

holophrasic

Presupposition emerge when?

between 1 & 2 yo

Hallidays 7 functions of communication between 9 & 18 months include:

imaginative, heuristic, regulatory, personal, informative, instrumental, interactional

Dore's 12-24 month communication functions:

practicing, protesting, greeting, calling/addressing, requesting action, requesting an answer, labeling, repeating/imitating, answering

childs specific ability to detect and manipulate sounds and syllables in words

phonological awareness

children emergent knowledge about functions and forms of written language

print knowledge

Phonological awareness and print knowledge are:

foundational to reading and writing skills

When a typically developing child enters kindergarten they should have _____________ skills.

solid listening and speaking (auditory and oral )

during preschool years children should have had good exposure to _______ and ________ skills and activities

pre reading and pre writing

In ___________ teachers work on strengthening the children oral skills as well as addressing basic reading and writing

kindergarten

In ___________ teachers concentrate on reading and writing

1st grade

________ emphasize increased skills in reading, writing and independent reading is encourages as well as spelling

second grade

_______ children are expected to read longer and more complex stories and write longer more complex paragraphs

3rd grade

_________ transition from learning to read and write to reading and writing to learn

4th-6th

by 6th grade a child should understand _____ words | By high school ________ words

50,000 | 80,000

a form of social behavior maintained by the action of a verbal community; acquired under appropriate conditions of stimulation, response, and reinforcement

Verbal behaviors

________ suggest that learning plays a major role in the acquisition of verbal behaviors

behavioral scientists

Behavioral scientists believe that the events in the childs ___________ and ________ are important

environment and social interactions

Mands:

demand/requests

Tacts:

group of verbal responses that describe and comment on the things around us

echoics:

imitative verbal responses

autoclitics:

explain why something is being said

intraverbals:

what one says may be stimulus for more to be said; continuous fluent speech

children are born with a language acquisition device; which contains the universal rules of language

nativist theory

children are born with an innate capacity to learn language and language is not learned through environmental stimulation, reinforcement or teaching

Nativist theory

emphasizes cognition, or knowledge and mental processes such as memory, attention, and visual and auditory perception

cognitive theory

according to this theory language acquisition is made possible by cognition and general intellectual processes

cognitive theory

view the human info-processing system as a mechanism which encodes stimuli from the environment, operates on interpretations of those stimuli, store the results in memory, and permits retrieval of previous stored information

information processing theory

deals with the processes involved in the ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language such as word rhyming, word segmentation, syllabication and others

phonological processing

deals with the ability to perceive the brief acoustic events that comprise speech sounds and track changes in these events as they happen quickly in the speech of other people

temporal auditory processing

believe that language develops because people are motivated to interact socially with other around them

social interactionists

impairment specific to language with no known etiology,

specific language impairment

The language of children with intellectual disabilities is _______ rather than_______

delayed deviant

______ diagnosed before age 3; impaired social interaction; disturbed communication; stereotypic patterns of behavior, interests, and activities

Autism

SCERTS model

SC - social communication ER - emotional regulation TS- by by implementing transactional supports

______ in children refers to cerebral damage due to external physical force

TBI

disorder of early childhood in which the immature nervous system is affected

CP is not a progressive disease; generally occurs because:

prenatal brain injury perinatal brain injury postnatal brain injury

Children with CP manifest various body parts:

hemiplegia: one side of the body is paralyzed paraplegia: only the legs and lower trunk are paralyze monoplegia: only one limb diplegia: two legs or two arms quadriplegia: all 4 limbs

Three major types of CP:

ataxic CP: disturbed balance, awkward gait and uncoordinated movement Athetoid CP: slow, writhing involuntary movements Spastic CP: increased spasticity, stiff, abrupt, jerky, slow movements

______ is more critical to language than ________

socieoeconomic status and ethnic backgrounds

pattern of mental physical and behavrioal defects that develop infants born to some women who drink heavily during pregnancy

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS

a process of quickly obtaining a general overview of a childs language skills

screening

provide clinicians with a quantitative means of comparing the childs performance to the performance of large groups d children in a similar age category

standardized tests

recording a students language under relatively typical and appropriate for the client conditions which usually involve conversations

language sampling

MLU Calculation

Mean Length Utterance | number of morphemes divided by number of utterances

clinician expands a childs telegraphic or incomplete utterance into a more grammatically correct utterance

expansion

clinician comments on the childs utterance and adds new relevant information

extension

clinician repeatedly models a target structure to stimulate the child to use it

focused stimulation

teaches functional communication skills through the use of typical, everyday verbal interactions that arise naturally

milieu teaching

technique utilized in milieu teaching

incidental teaching, mane-model, time delay

adult who waits for the child to initiate a verbal response

incidental teaching

teaches language through the use of typical adult-child interactions in a play-oriented setting

mand-model

clinician waits for the child to initiate verbal responses in relation to stimuli that are separated by predetermined waiting period

time-delay

the clinician plays wit the child and describes and comments upon what the child is doing and the objects the child is interested in

parallel talk

clinician repeat what the child says during language stimulation activities

reauditorization

clinician describes her own activity as she plays with the child.

self-talk

learning written language should be like learning oral language

whole-language approach

provides alternative means of communication for children with extremely limited oral communication skills

AAC Augmentative and alternative communication

look like the object or picture they represent

iconic symbols

arbitrary, abstract, and geometric

noniconic symbols

no instruments or external aids are used; ASL, eye-blink encoding

unaided AAC

gestures or movements are combined with an instrument or message-display device

aided AAC

graphic symbols that represent nouns, verbs and prepositions

picsyms

white drawings on a black background

pic symbols

semi-iconic and abstract symbols; can be taught to speakers of any linguistic and cultural background

blissymbols

ideographic or pictographic symbols based on ASL

sig symbols

pictures that represent events or objects along with words, grammatical morphemes, or both

rebuses

used to establish norms of articulation development

cross-sectional

typical behaviors of a representative group of children

norms

observes the processor learning over an extended period of time

longitudinal studies

when the frenum is thus attached to close to the tip of the tongue

anklyoglossia

deviations in the shape and dimensions of the mandible and maxilla and the positioning of individual teeth

malocclusion

arches themselves are generally aligned properly but some individual teeth are misaligned

Class I malocclusion

the upper jaw or maxilla is protruded and the lower jaw or mandible is receded(overbite)

Class II malocclusion

Overjet occurs when the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth

Class II malocclusion

the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded

Class III malocclusion

Oller's stages of development of prelinguistic non-reflexive vocalizations:

1. Phonation stage 1 month 2. cooing or gooing stage 2-4 months 3. Expansion Stage 4-6 months 4. Canonical or reduplicated babbling stage 6-8 months 5. Variegate or non reduplicated babbling stage 8months-1 year

childrens phonological processes can be sorted into three categories:

substitution assimilation syllable structure

vowel subsituted for a syllabic consonant

vowelization

liquid consonant is produced as a glide

gliding

an alveolar or dental replaces a velar

velar fronting

fricative or affricate is replaced by a stop

stopping

child subsitutes an alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate or an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative

depalatization

an affricate is produced in place of a fricative or stop

affrication

a fricative replaces an affricate

deaffricaion

posteriorly placed consonant is produced instead of an anteriorly place consonant

backing

a glottal stop is produced in place of a other consonant

glottal replacement

sounds are changed by the influence of neighboring sounds

assimilation proces

child repeats a pattern

reduplication

occurs due to the influence of a later occurring sound on an earlier sound

regressive assimilatio n

an earlier occurring sound influences a later occurring sound

progressive assimilation

Voicing assimilation can either be ______ or -_______

devoicing or voicing

involves the omission of an unstressed syllable

unstressed or weak-syllable deletion

final consonant is omitted

final consonant deletion

a schwa is inserted between the consonants in an initial cluster or after a final voiced stop

epenthesis

consonant or consonants in a cluster are deleted

consonant cluster reduction/simplification

addition of /i/ to the target form

diminutization

production of sounds in a word in reversed order

metathesis

Oral motor coordination skills are evaluated through tests of:

diadochokinetic rate

speech motor disorder caused by peripheral or central nervous system damage; paralysis weakness or incoordination of the muscles of speech

dysarthria

monotonous pitch, deviate voice quality, variable speech rate and hyper nasality; slurred

diarrheic speech

motor programming disorder caused by central nervous system damage

apraxia of speech

brief initial procedure that helps determine whether a chid should be assessed further and in more depth

screening

General assessment objectives should include:

case history, screening, oral peripheral exam, hearing screening, language assessment

The goal of ________ is to assess the presence of any structural or functional factors that might be contributing to the SSD.

orofacial examination

childs ability to imitate the clinicians model

Stimulability

a childs speech patterns are discribed without reference to the adult model of the language of the childs community

independent analysis

a childs speech is compared to the adult model of his or her speech community

relational analysis

______ arise from the influence of the childs first language. ______ when the child makes errors that are not typical for his or her cultural and linguistic speech community

Difference | Disorder

foundation for motor approaches to articulation therapy focusing on auditory descrimination/perceptual training, phonetic placement, and drill-like repetition and practice at increasingly complex motor levels until target phonemes were automatized

Van Ripers Traditional Approac h

teach clients to distinguish between correct and incorrect productions of speech sounds

auditory descrimination

used when the client cannot imitate the modeled production of a phoneme; clinician uses verbal instructions, modeling, physical guidance and visual feedback

phonetic placement

This approach focuses on establishing correct auditory perception of target phonemes and training accurate motor production of individual phonemes

Van Ripers Tradition Approach

sensory-motor approach based on the assumption that the syllable is the basic unit of speech production

McDonalds Sensory-Motor Approach

Therapy is heard toward modifying the child's underlying rule system so that it matches the adult standard

Linguistic approach

pairs of words that differ by one feature

minimal pairs

goal of this approach is to establish missing distinctive features or feature contrasts by teaching relevant sounds

Distinctive Features Approach

clinician uses pairs of words that differ by only one feature the feature the clinician is trying to help the child conceptualize

minimal pair contrast therapy

clinician uses word pairs that contain maximum number of phonemic contrasts

maximal contrast therapy

assumes the childs difficulties do not lie in the actual motor production of speech sounds but in the acquisition of the rules of the phonological system

Metaphon Therapy

based on the assumption that a childs multiple errors reflect the operation of certain phonological rules that the problem is essentially phonemic not phonetic

Phonological Process Approach

error patterns are targeted for remediation based on stimulability intelligibility and percentage of occurrence

Hodson and Padens Cycles Approach

explicit awareness of the sound structure of a language or attention to the internal structure of words

phonological awareness

Cycles Treatment sessions consists of:

1- review of previous sessions target words 2- auditory bombardment 3- activities involving new target words 4- play break 5- more activities involving new target words 6- repeating auditory bombardment and dismissal

childs ability to manipulate and think about the structure of language

metalinguistic analysis

focuses on feature difference between sounds to help children develop awareness that sounds can be classified bt characteristics such as place, duration and others

Metaphon Therapy

Accoring to ________ stuttering occurs whe the forward flow of speech is interrupted by a metrically disrupted sound, syllable, or word or by the speakers reactions thereto

Van Riper

disfluencies interrupt the flow of speech.

saying the element of speech more than one time

repeitions

repetition of a part of a word or a sound or syllable

part-word repetitions

repetitions of an entire word more than once;

whole-word repetitions

repetition of more than one word

phrase repeitions

sounds produced for a duration longer than typical

sound prolongation

articulatory posture held for a duration longer than average but with no vocalization

silent prolongations

extraneous elements introduced into speech sequence

interjections

silent intervals in the speech sequence at inappropriate junctures or of unusually long duration

Pauses

silent interval within words, also known as intralexical pauses

broken words

often described as incomplete phrases these are grammatically incomplete productions

incomplete sentences

changes in wording that do not change the overall meaning of an utterance

revisions

Speech that contains __________ disfluencies may be judged disfluent or stuttered by most listeners

5% or more

rate of occurrence in a specified group of people

incidence

determined by counting the number of individuals who currently have something

prevalence

____ of the population hs a probability of ever stuttering | _____ of the US population

5% | 1%

frequency in which a given condition appears in successive generations of blood relatives

familial prevalence

occurrence of the same clinician condition i both members of a twin pair

concordance

disappearance without professional help

spontanous recovery

Preschool children stuttering tends to occur on _______

function words

systematic reduction in the frequency of stuttering when a short printed passage is repeated aloud

adaptation effect

occurrence of stuttering on the same word or loci when a passage is read aloud repeatedly

consistency effect

occurrence of new stuttering on words that surround previous stuttered words

adjacency effect

observation that the frequency of stuttering increased with an increase in audience size

audience size effect

People who stutter:

do not have distinct personalities, are not clinically maladjusted, are not clinically and chronically anxious, may have low self esteem

Parents of people who stutter:

do not exhibit unique personality patterns, are not clinically maladjusted or neurotic, may exhibit somewhat higher standard of behavior and be somewhat more critical of their children

Stuttering has a higher familial incidence, well-established gender ratio in the prevalence of stuttering, and shows a higher concordance rate among identical twins

electroencephalographic studies suggest that the brain waves may be _________ in PWS

abnormal

when parents punish a childs normal nonfluencies the child develops anticipatory apprehensive and hypertonic avoidance reactions that are indeed stuttering

diagnosogenic theory

stuttering may have many origins most of them related to various kinds of severe communicative pressure that leads to repeated communicative failures

anticipatory struggle hypothesis

stuttering can result when a child faces demands for communication that he or she cannot meet because of limited capacities

demands and capacities model

Diagnostic criteria in determining stuttering includes:

dysfluency rate that exceeds 5% certain frequency of part-word repetition, speech-sound prolongations, and broken words (at least 2% of the words spoken) excessive duration of disfluencies

goal of this therapy is not normal fluency but more fluent stuttering

stutter-more fluency approach/ fluent stuttering approach Van Riper

Goal of this therapy is to establish normal fluency; through teaching various skills of fluency

Fluency shaping method

positively reinforce fluent speech in naturalistic conversational contexts

Fluency reinforcement method

Person who stutters is taught to pause after each disfluency and then resume talking

Time-out

for every instance of stuttering the clinician take away a token, for every fluent production the child is awarded a token

Response-Cost

Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods _________ is preferred for preschoolers and children in the early elementary school grades and _______ is preferred for older children and adults

response cost | time-out

form of fluency disorder associated with documented neuropathology

neurogenic stuttering

Common etiologic factors of neurogenic stuttering include:

cerebral vasular disorder that cause stroke and head trauma; extrapyramidal diseases, PD, progressive supranuclear palsy; brain tumors; brain surgery; seizures; dementia; drug toxicity

Adult onset of stuttering, TBI, drug toxicity, and neurosurgery are all indicative of :

neurogenic stuttering

_______ is assessed and treated in the context of the existing neurological diseases and associated disorders of communication

neurogenic stuttering

disorder of fluency characterized by rapid but disordered articulation, possible combined with a high rate of disfluencies and disorganized through and language

Cluttering

Little research exists about stuttering treatment but _______ and _______ helps some people who clutter sound more intelligible

reducing the speaking rate and increasing self-awareness

The position that stuttering indicates a social role conflict was taken by:

Sheehan

The fact or facts about stuttering adaptation include:

most of the reduction in stuttering occurs by the 5th reading

Who proposed that stuttering is limited to part-word repetitions and sound prolongations; stuttering is due to classically conditioned negative emotions; some dysfluencies are operantly conditioned

Brutten and Shoemaker

Cancellations, pull-outs, and preparatory sets are taught in the:

fluency stuttering approach

Air-flow managements, gentle phonatory onset, and reduced rate of speech are targets in:

the fluency shaping technique

The theory that stuttering is caused by lack of a unilateral dominant hemisphere is the:

cerebral dominance theory

biological valve located at the top of the trachea; helps close the entry to the trach so food, liquids, and other particles to not enter the lungs

larynx

The larynx house the _______ which vibrate to produce voice

vocal folds

The opening between the vocal folds is called the

glottis

lie above the true vocal folds; only used during activities such as lifting or coughing

ventricular or false vocal folds

lie above the ventricular folds; separate the pharynx from the laryngeal vestibule and help preserve the airway

aryepiglottic folds

innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle of the vocal folds.

Cranial nerve VII

CN_____ innervates the larynx

The________ has internal and external branches.

superior laryngeal nerve

_______ branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provides all sensory information to the larynx and the ________ branch provides all motor innervation solely to the cricothryoid muscle

internal | external

supplies all motor innovation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thryoarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles; supplies all sensory info below the vocal folds

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

larynx is suspended fro the _______

hyoid bone

protects the trachea by closing down inferiorly and posteriorly over the laryngeal area directing liquids and food into the esophagus during swallowing

epiglottis

shields the laryngeal structures from damage; adams apple

thyroid cartilage

refers to a clients ability to sustain "ah"

maximum phonation time MPT

perceptual correlate of frequency is

pitch

an individuals habitual or typical pitch

fundamental frequency

variation in vocal frequency that are often heard in dysphonia patients

frequency perturbation or jitter

perceptual correlate of intensity

volume or loudness

The greater the _______ the louder the voice

amplitude

cycle-to- cycle variation of vocal intensity

amplitude perturbation or shimmer

bright light source and a small round mirror angled on a long slender handle to lift the velum and press gently against the patients posterior pharyngeal wall area

indirect laryngoscopy

procedure performed by a surgeon, laryngoscope is introduced through the mouth into the pharynx and positioned above the vocal folds

direct laryngoscopy

procedure utilizes a thin flexible tube contining a lens and fiber-optic light bundles

flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy

Rigid endoscope is inttoduced ______ and flexible is introduced __________

orally | nasally

graphic representation of a sound waves intensity and frequency as function of time

sound spectrography

pulsing light that permits the optical illusion of slow-motion viewing of the vocal folds during a variety of tasks

videostroboscopy

noninvasive procedure yields an indrect measure of vocal fold closure patterns

electrogottography EGG

invasie procedure directly measure laryngeal function to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and to view muscle activity patterns

Electromyography (EMG)

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle

tidal volume

the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation

vital capacity

total volume of air in the lungs

total lung capacity

nasal resonance is absent of nasal sounds

hyponasality

when too much nasal resonance is present on non-nasal sounds

hypernasality

results when the velopharyngeal mechanism does not close the opening to the nasal passage during the production of non-nasal sounds

hypernasality

_______ is a major cause of hyper nasality

cleft-palate

the velopharyngeal mechanism is inadequate to achieve closure; nasal cavity is not sealed off from the oral cavity

velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI)

when the sound from a nasal consonant carries over to the adjacent vowels

asssimilative nasality

backward retraction of the tongue; tongue is carried too far posteriorly in the oral cavity

cul-de-sac resonance

Early warning signs of laryngeal chance include:

hoarsness, difficulty swallowing, sore throat that doesn't go away, ear pain, lump in neck or throat

TNM

Tumor Nodes Metastasis

Laryngectomees produce vocalization in three ways:

external devices, esophageal speech and surgical motivation or implanted devices

patient impounds the air in the mouth and the air is pushed back into the esophagus and then expelled

injection method

patient is taught to inhale rapidly while keeping the esophagus open and relaxed

inhalation method

localized inflammatory vascular lesion that is usually composed of tissue in a firm rounded same

granulomas

Granulomas may be caused by:

vocal abuse, intubation during surgery, injury to the larynx, and GERD

soft pliable and filled with blood

Hemangioma

Hemangioma may be caused by:

intubation or hyperacidity due to GERD

benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa

Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia may be cause by:

tissue iritaiton, caused by smoking, alcohol, or vocal abuse

rough pinkish leision that can appear in the oral cavity, larynx, or pharynx

Hyperkeratosis

Hyperkeratosis may be caused by

tissue irritation caused from smoking GERD and vocal abuse

narrowing of the subglottic space

subglottal stenosis

white or pink wart-like growths founding the airway

papillomas

membrane that grows across the anterior portion of the glottis

laryngeal web

occurs when gastric contents of spontaneously empty into the esophagus when the person has not vomited or belched; heart burn acid indigestion

GERD

intermittent involuntary fleeting vocal fold abduction when the paient tries to phonate

Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

characterized by overpressure due to prolonged over adduction or tight closure of the vocal folds

Adductor spasmodic Dysphonia

Botox is commonly used to treat

Spasmodic Dysphonia

progressive and diffuse demyelination or white matter; impaired prosody, pitch, and loudness control, harshness, breathiness, hyper nasality, articulation breakdown and nasal air escape

Multiple Sclerosis

nueromuscular autoimmune disease produced fatigue and muscle weakness; decreased amount of acetylcholine at the myoneuronal junction

Myasthenia Gravis

progressive fatal degeneration of the upper and low motor neuron system

ALS

caused by lack of dopamine in the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia

trauma or injury to the vocal folds

phonotrauma

excessive shouting, screaming, cheering, excessive talking, coughing,

abusive behaviors

small nodes that develop on the vocal folds and protrude from surround cells

vocal nodules

masses that grown and bulge out from surround tissue; may be filled with fluid or have vascular tissue

polyps

sores or createrlike areas of ulcerated granulated tissue that develop along the posterior third of the glottal margin

contact ulcers

a young man speaks with a high pitch although the larynx has grown normally and puberty is completed

puperphonia

Measurements of ________ indicate that in a normal speaker with no vocal pathology, it should be less than 1% as the speaker sustains a vowel

jitter

Measurements of ________ evaluate the cycle-to-cycle variation of vocal intensity.

shimmer

Which theory states that the epithelium, superficial layer of the lamina propria and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propr. vibrate as a Cover o na relatively stationary body, which is made up of the remainder of the intermediate later the deep layer and the TA muscle

Cover-body theory

neurologically based language disorder caused by strokes

aphasia

caused by a blocked or interrupted blood supple to the brain

ischemic stroke

collection of blood material that blocks the flow or blood

thrombus

traveling mass of arterial debris or a clump of tissue from a tumor that gets lodged in a smaller artery and thus blocks the flow of blood

embolism

caused by bleeding in the brain due to rupture blood vessels

hemorrhagic strokes

within the brain

intracerebral

within the meninges

extracerebral

characterized by limited aggrammatic effortful halting and slow speech with impaired prosody

Nonfluent Aphasia

Brooks area is located

posterior inferior frontral gyrus of the left hemisphere

Brocas aphasia is characterized by:

``` nonfluent, effortful, slow, halting, and uneven speech short phrases and sentence misarticulated sounds agrammatic or telegraphic speech impaired reptition and naming monotonous speech ```

Patients with _______ may have right-sided paralysis or weakness

Brocas Aphasi

caused by lesions i the anterior superior frontal lobe; nonfluent aphasia

Transcortical Motor aphasia

Transcortical Motor Aphasia is characterized by:

``` speechlessness echolalia reduced spontaneous speech nonfluent, paraphasic, telegraphic speech nonsense syllable INTACT repetition impaired writing ```

absence of poverty of movement

akeinesia

lowness of movement

bradykinesia

nonfluent aphasia caused by lesions in the watershed area or the arterial border zone of the brain

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia is characterized by:

``` limited spontaneous speech severe scholalia impaired fluency impaired auditory comrprehension naming difficulty severely impaired reading, writing, reading comprehension n ```

most severe form of nonfluent aphasia caused by extensive lesions affecting all language areas

Global Aphasia

Global Aphasia is characterized by:

``` profoundly impaired language skills reduced fluency impaired reptition and naming perseveration impaired reading and writing ```

Varieties of _______ are characterized by relatively intact fluency but generally less meaningful or even meaningless speech

fluent aphasias

Wernickes area is located

the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere of the brain

Wernickes aphasia is characterized by:

effortlessly produced flowing speech with normal or even abnormal fluency rapid rate of speech with normal prosody severe-wordfinding problems paraphasic speech circumlocution empty speech impaired reptition and conversational turn taking poor communication in spite of fluent speech

fluent aphasia caused by lesions in the temporoparietal region of the brain

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

transcortical sensory aphasic is characterized by:

fluent speech with normal phrase length, good prosody normal articulation paraphasic and empty speech severe naming problems good repetition skills by poor comprehension echolalia good reading but poor comprehension

_______ is associated with the onset of TSA may disappear _______ of the body may be common as well

hemiparesis | neglect of one side

fluent aphasia caused by lesions in the region between Brocas area and Wernickes

Conduction Aphasia

Conduction Aphasia is characterized by:

``` imaired repitions variable speech fluency paraphasic speech word finding problems empty speech severe to mild naming probalems highly variable reading problems writing problems ```

People with conduction aphasia have good to normal __________

auditory comprehension

fluent aphasia caused by lesions in different regions of the brain

anomic aphasia

naming difficulty

anomia

Anomic Aphasia is characterized by:

``` word-finding difficulty generally fluent speech empty speech verbal paraphasia cicumlocution Intact repetition normal reading comprehension and writing skills ```

Generally most language functions except for __________ are relatively unimpaired in anomic aphasia

naming

Extensive subcortical damage with possible involved meant of the left cortical ares of the brain may underlie _________ with lesions in the basal ganglia

subcortical aphasia

Supcortical aphasia is characterized by:

``` fluent speech intact repition articulation problems prosodic problems word-finding problems limb apraxia ```

systematically increasing the length and complexity of target responses

expansion of verbal expression

loss of previously acquired reading skills due to recent brain damage

alexia

difficulty in learning to read

dyslexia

loss or impairment of normally acquired writing skills

agraphia

impaired understanding of the meaning of certain stimuli even though there is no peripheral sensory impairment

agnosia

neurogenic speech disorder characterized by sensorimotor problems is positioning and sequentially moving muscles for the volitional production of speech

apraxia of speech

The most difficulty ________ have is mostly in executing the voluntary movements involved speech

AOS

disorder of nonverbal movement involving the oral muscles

nonverbal oral apraxia

caused by injury or damage to speech-motor programming areas in the dominant hemispheres

AOS

Communication deficits in AOS include:

``` highly variable speech errors significant articulatory problems increased frequency of errors on long words prosodic problems groping and struggling behaviors ```

Treatment of AOS should be carefully sequenced to move from __________ to _________ and eventually ___________

more automatic speech less automatic speech spontaneous speech

Assessment of patients with AOS should include:

detailed individualized procedures as well as standardized tests

neurologically based speech disorders, distinct from similarly based language disorders

dysarthria

impaired muscular control of the speech mechanism and peripheral or central nervous system pathology are common to

all forms of dysarthria

forced inspirations or expirations that interrupt speech, audible or breathy inspiration and fronting at the end end of expiration

Respiratory problems

Phonatory disorder include:

pitch, loudness, and voice-quality problems

imprecises production of consonants, prolongation and repetition of phonemes, irregular breakdowns in articulation, distortion of vowels and weak production of pressure consonants

articulation disorder

slower, excessively faster or variable rate of speech; shorter phrase lengths; and linguistic stress problems as reduced even or excessive stress

prosodic disorders

hypernasality hyponasality and nasal emission

resonance disorders

results from damage to the cerebellar system; characterized by articulatory and prosodic problems

ataxic dysarthria

Characteristics of ataxic dysarthria include:

instability of the trunk and head, tremor, hypotonia, uncoordinated jerky halting movement, imprecise production of consonant, prolonged phonemes slow rate of speech, mono pitch, mono loudness, and harshness, impression of drunken speech

results from damage to the motor units of cranial or spinal nerves that supple speech muscles

flaccid dysarthria

CN involved in flaccid dysarthria include:

V VII IX X XII

Major characteristic of flaccid dysarthria include:

muscular disorder, twitches, respiratory weakness, CN weakness, phonatory disorder, hypernasality, impresicse consonants, harsh voice, monopitch, monoloudness, articulation disorders

results from damage to the basal ganglia associated with involuntary moment and variable muscle tone

hyperkinetic dysarthria

Characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria:

abnormal and involuntary movements of the orofracial muscles, myoclonus, tics, tremor, chorea, dystonia, communicative disorders, voice tremor, strained voice, harsh voice, intermittent hyper nasality, slower rate excess loudness, audible inspiration, imprecise consonant productions

results from damage to the basal ganglia; caused by progressive supra nuclear palsy, PD, Alzheimers and Picks

hypokinetic dysarthria

Hypokinetic dysarthria is characterized by:

termors, mask-like face, micrographic writing, walking disorder, postural disturbance, decreased swallowing, mono pitch, low pitch, reduced stress, short phrases, imprecise consonant, repeated phonemes, mild hyper nasality , reduced vital capacity, irregular breathing

results of bilateral damage to the upper motor nuerons

spastic dysarthria

Spastic dysarthria is characterized by:

spasticity and weakness, reduced rand and slowness, hyperactive gag reflex, hyeradduction of vocal folds, prosodic disorder, articulation disorder, mono pitch, mono loudness, breathy voice, harshness, hyper nasality

combination of two or more pure dysarthria

mixed dysarthria

The two most common forms of mixed dysarthria are:

Mixed flaccid- spastic | Mixed Ataxic -spastic

Mixed Flaccid-Spastic is strongly associated with

ALS

Mixed Ataxic- Spastic is associated with

Multiple Sclerosis

results from damage to the upper motor neurons

Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria

UUMN is characterized by:

unilateral: lowere face weakness, tongue weakness, palatal weakness hemiplegia, imprecises production of consonants, harsh voice, reduced loudness, slow rate, mono pitch, hypernasality, dysphagia, aphasia, apraxia, and right hemisphere syndrome

All aspects of speech production need to be assessed to develop a treatment plan that seeks to modify the various speech production problems

an acquired neurological syndrome associated with persistent of progressive deterioration in intellectual functions language, memory ,emotion , and behavior

dementia

caused by prolonged alcohol abuse; impaired learning, reduced memory, difficulty with visual-spatial integration and difficulty processing abstract information

wenicke-korsakoff syndrome

temporary intellectual impairment due to such factors as metabolic disturbances, nutritional defaces, chronic renal failure, persistent anemia, drug toxicity, and lung and heart disease

Reversible dementia

form of cortical dementia where intellectual and language deterioration precedes motor deficits

DAT

filamentous structures in the nerve cells, dendrites, and axons these are thickened twisted and tangled

neurofibrillary tangles

minute areas of cortical and subcortical tissue degeneration

neuritic plaques

depletion of neurochemical that help transmit messages across brain structures

neurochemical changes

nerve cells are destroyed by fluid filled cavities containing granular debris

neuronal loss

group of heterogeneous diseases that include picks disease

frontotemporal dementia

a group of neurological disorder that include hypokinesia, tremor, and muscle rigidity

parkinsonism

40-70 persons in a million; malformed protein kills the brain cells that control movement

Dementia associated with Huntingtons disease

Right Hemisphere controls:

``` understanding stimuli, visual perception, geometric and spatial info facial recognition, drawing and copying arousal attention and orientation emotional experience and expresion perception of musical harmony ```

reduced awareness of the left side of the body and generally reduced awareness of stimuli in the left visual field

left neglect

denial of illness

anosognosia

difficulty in reproducing block designs drawing or copying geometric shapes and reproducing two dimensional stick figures

contructional imapirment

injury to the brain sustained by physical trauma or external force

TBI

fractured or perforated skull, torn or lacerated meninges, and an injury that extends to brain tissue

open-head penetrating brain injury

brain injuries involve no open would in the head no penetration of a foreign substance into the brain and a damaged brain within the skull; meninges are intact

closed-head non penetrating injury

when the head stop moving the brain keeps moving inside the skull and thus strikes the skull on the opposite side of the initial impact

acceleration-deceleration

retrained head is hit by a moving object

nonacceleration injuries

impaired execution of the oral, pharyngeal and esophageal stages of the swallow

dysphagia

Causes of dysphagia include:

strokes, tumors and neurologic diseases, surgical and radiation treatment, TBI, cervical spine disease, polio, COPD, CP, genetic factors, side effects of prescriptions

helps close the airway at the level of the vocal folds to prevent aspiration

supraglottic swallow

helps increase the posterior motion of the tongue and increase pharyngeal pressure

effortful swallow

helps elevate the larynx and thus widen the circopharyngeal opening

mendelshon maneuver

______ is caused by lesions between Broca's area and Wenicke's area especially in the supra marginal gyrus and the arcuate fascicles

Conduction aphasia

Patients with ________ usually present with a mask like face, slow voluntary movement, tremors in resist muscles and disturbed posture.

Parkinson's Disease

Characteristics of DATinclude:

poor judgement, impaired reasoning, disorientation in new places, widespread intellectual deterioration, empty speech, jargon, incoherent slurred and rapid speech and problems in comprehending abstract messages.

the beliefs behaviors and values of group of people

culture

means of categorizing others based upon perceptions that are incomplete

sterotypes

the process by which immigrants assume american cultural attributes

acculturation

process of their incorporation into the cultural and social networks o the host society

Assimiilation

fully involved in both their own and the host culture

bicultural

Misconceptions about AAE:

all african americans speak AAE, AAE is spoken only by African americans, AAE is a substandard form of mainstream american english, it does not have a regular predictable system

The two major Spanish dialects in the US are:

southwestern and caribbean

Chinese, Vietnamese and Laotian are basically:

monosyllabic

refers to an error in a students second language that is directly produced by the influence of the first primary language

interference or transfer

when learning a L2 go through this period in which there is much listening and comprehension and little output

silent period

alternating or switching between two languages at the word, phrase, or sentence level

code-switching

if use of the L1 is discontinued or diminished it is common for the second language learner to lose skills in that first langauage

Language loss

occurs when two languages are acquired simultaneously from infancy

simultaneous bilingual acquisition

Two types of language proficiency that clinicians should be aware of in assessing students:

BICS CALP

both languages are impaired by not necessarily to the same degree

synergestic and differential recovery theory

one language returns at the expense of another previously recovered language

antagonistic recover theory

one language returns only after another has been completely restored

successive recovery theory

one of the patients languages never recovers and remains impaired

selective recovery theory

A CLD child is considered to have an Lld only if :

he or she has language learning difficulties that underlie both the primary language and english

The ear is divided into three sections:

outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear

The outer ear is composed of two parts:

auricle or pinna and external auditory canal

air filled cavity; separated from the outer ear by the TM

middle ear

three small bones of the middle ear form this

ossicular chain

the _____ connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

elastic, thin, cone-ship and vibrated in response to sound

tympanic membrane

The three bones in the ossicular chain are:

malleus, incus , stapes

The tensor tympani is innervated by CN____

The stapedius muscle is innervated by CN_____

VII

The opening of the eustachian tube is assisted by the contraction of the ________ and _________

tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini

back and forth movements of the molecules change the air pressure because the movements consist of an instance in which the molecules are compressed together

compression

lowest intensity of a sound necessary to stimulate the auditory system

hearing level

fetuses can respond to sound in:

first trimester of development

the efficiency with which hotel sound is conducted to the middle or inner ear is diminished

conductive hearing loss

the external ear canal is completely closed

aural atresia

the pinna is very small and deformed

microtia

results in an extremely narrow external auditory canal

stenosis

middle ear effusion

otitis media

damage to the hair cells of the cochlea or to the acoustic nerve prevents the brain from receiving the neural impulses of sound

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing impairment in older people due to aging

presbycusis

ringing or buzzing sound in the ears

tinnitus

refers to the effectiveness and efficiency with which hotel central nervous system utilized auditory information

central auditory processing

refer to hearing losses due to disrupted sound transmission between the brainstem and the cerebrum as a result of damage to malformation

central auditory disorder

a disorder in a persons ability to take in the spoken message interpret it and make it meaningful

CAPD

electronic instrument that generates and amplifies pure tones, noise, and other stimuli for testing hearing

audiometer

hearing test is carried out to determine the threshold of hearing for selected frequenting

pure-tone

an intensity level at which a tone is faintly heard at least 50% of the time it is presented

threshhold

assesses the sensitivity of the sensorineural portion of the auditory mechanism; when the sound strikes the bones of the skull the bones vibrate and thus stimulate the fluid in both inner ears

bone-conduction testing

masking is used when hearing in one ear is markedly better than hearing in the other ear

air-conduction testing

measure how well a person understand speech and discriminated between speech sounds

speech audiometry

defined as the lowest level of hearing at which the person can understand 50% of the words presented

speech reception threshold

establishes how well a person discriminates between words by having the person correctly repeat monosyllabic words such as cap and day

word discrimination or word recognition

small electronic devices worn inside the ear unilaterally or bilaterally depending on the need of the person; amplify sound and deliver it to the ear canal

traditional hearing aids

electronic devices that are surgically placed in the cochlea and other parts of the ear and deliver sound directly to the acoustic nerve ending s in the cochlea

cochlear implant

Hearing aid deliver amplified sound to the __________ whereas cochlear implants deliver electrical impels directly to the __________

ear canal | auditory nerve

attempt to use amplification methods such as hearing aids or cochlear implants to tap children residual hearing

aural/oral method

means of nonverbal communication that involves signing and fingerspelling

manual approach

teaching both verbal and nonverbal means of communication; signs and speech used simultaneously

total communication

clients receive services that are known to be based on reliable and valid research and sound clinical judgment

evidenced based practice

professional judgement made about the future course of a disorder or disease; predivitive statement about what might happen under various future circumstances

prognosis

the goal of this is to obtain a representative sample of the clients speech language production in a naturalistic contexts that reflect the clients everyday communication

speech and language sampling

degree to which a new test correlates with an establish test of known validity

concurrent validity

degré to which test scores are consistent with theoretical contracts or concepts

construct validity

measure of validity based on a thorough examination of all test items to determine if the items are relevant to measuring what the test purport to measure

content validity

refers to the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on related task

predictive validity

consistently or stability with which the same even is repeatedly measures

reliability

refers to how similarly a subjects performance is independently rated or measure by two or more observes

interjudge reliability

this is the consistency with which the same observer measure the same phenomenon on repeated occasions

intrajudge reliability

consistency of measures when two forms of the same test are administered to the same person

alternate form reliability

consistency of measures when the same test is administer to the same person twice over a period of time

test-retest reliability

measure of internal consistency of a test showing that the responses to the items on the first half of the test are correlated with the responses given to the items on the second half of the test

split-half reliability

a category is present or absent

nominal scale

numerical scale that can be arranged according to rank orders or levels

ordinal scale

evaluate the clients day to day communication skills in naturalistic socially meaningful contexts

functional assessment

experiment first and explain later approach

inductive method

explain first and verify later approach

deductive method

null hypothesis = | alternate hypothesis -

zero; two variables are not related | two variables are indeed related

the variable that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable

dependent variable

views behavior as the product of conflictual interaction between three systems the id, ego, and superego

psychodynamic theory

person-centered therapy

client-centered therapy

Common defense mechanisms that may be observed in clients or family members include:

``` rationalization reaction formation displacement projection repression suppression ```

abnormalities of the structures of the head and face; congenital and may due to genetic factors

craniofacial anomalies

opening in a normally closed structure

cleft

various congentital malformations resulting in an opening in the hard palate, soft palate, or both

palatal clefts

surface tissues of the soft or hard palate fuse by the underlying muscle or bone tissues do not

submucous clefts

Usually a chid with a sub mucous cleft palate presents with ________ speech

hypernasal

occurs when chromosome 15 is duplicated from father or deleted from mother; seizures, stiff jerky gait, laughter and happy demeanor, easily excitable hand-flapping movement short attention span

angelman syndrome

caused by spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation; hyponasality, forward carriage of tongue, articulation disorders

Apert Syndrome

absence of short arm of the 5th chromosome; high pitched cry of long duration; articulation and language disorders typically associated with intellectual disability

Cri du Chat Syndrome

craniosynostosis hypopasia of the mid face, maxilla or both; conductive hearing loss in some individuals, articulation disorder, hypo nasality and language disorders

crouzon syndrome

extra number chromosome 21; conductive loss in many cases and sensorineural in some; language delays and disorders; hyper nasality and nasal emission, breathier voice, and articulation disorders may also o be present

Down Syndrome

leading inherited cause of intellectual disability in males

fragile X syndrome

large long and poorly formed pinna, big jaw, enlarged testes and high forehead

fragile x syndome

intellectual disablity; jargon, perservation, echolalia, inappropriate language or talking to oneself, lack of gestures and other nonverbal means of communication, voice problem, and articulation disorder

Fragile X syndrome

congenital metabolical diseases; protuberant abdomen, angina pectoris, frequent chest infections, decreased joint mobility, thick everted lips, large tongue, small malformed teeth

Hurlers Syndrome

form of aphasia, severe permanent language disorders, infrequent seizures

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

bilabial paresis and weak tongue control for lateralization elevation depression and protrusion, unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the abductors of the eye; conductive hearing loss mask like face, delayed language; articulation disorders

moebius syndrome

unilateral or bilateral conductive hearing loss associated with otitis media and cleft palate, delayed language and language disorders, hyper nasality and nasal emission; articulation disorder

Pierre Robin Syndrome

imprecise articulation oral-motor difficulties that contribute to poor articulation and hyper nasality; develipme talk delays and intellectual disability

prader willi syndrome

communication problems include hyper nasality feeding problems in infancy articulation disorder abnomrally high pitched voice

russell-silver syndrome

uncontroallable vocal sounds and repeated involuntary movements

tourette syndrome

small chin, underdeveloped facial bones, dental malocclusion, congenital bilateral conductive hearing loss language disorders associated with hearing impairment; hyper nasality and nasal emission and articulation disorders

Treacher Collins Syndrome

1 in 5000 births; congenital heart defects, severe brain anomalies, spina bifida, eye defect cleft lip and palate

trisomy 13

deformed X chromonsome occurs only in females' sensorineural hearing loss; middle ear infections during infancy and early childhood; language and articulation disorder visual spatial and attentional problems

Turner Syndrome

50% of individuals who are deaf and blind; sensorineural loss language and articulation disorders ocnsistent with hearing impairment and hyper nasality and nasal emissions

usher syndrome

rare geentic disorder that impacts 1 out of every 20000 babies; elf like features; abnormalities of dental occlusion

williams syndrome

Public Law 94-142

Education of the Handicapped Act later titled IDEA

Public Law 99-457

intended to provided early intervention that would reduce the number of children requiring special education services in later years

Which structure elevates ribs 1-9?

Serratus Anterior

The hard palate fuses between which developmental stages in utero?

8-9 weeks

Which law states that all children and youth with disabilities from ages 3-21 years are guaranteed free and appropriate public education in the "least restrictive environment" including special education and related services.

P.L. 94-142

T or F | Injury to Brocas area is not essential to have Brocas Aphasia

The concrete operations stage of Piaget's cognitive development occurs at what age?

7-11 years

stationary blood clot that block the flow of blood

thrombus

Certain variables may change simply because they are measured more than once:

testing, reducing internal validity

The back forth movement of particles when that movement is symmetrical and periodic is called:

simple harmonic motion

Dynamic assessment involves:

evaluating a client over time in a test-teach-retest format

Intermittent, involuntary, fleeting vocal fold abduction, when trying to phonate

abductor spasmodic dysphonia

onset is slow, deterioration is rapid in the final stages; tremors, seizures, gait problems, facial nerve paralysis, incontinence, and confusion, depression, hallucination, delusions, and mutism in the final stage

Aids Dementia

when a surgeon closes a cleft of the soft palate first and a cleft of the hard palate later, that is known as

delayed hard palate closure

what is the threshold of hearing?

the quietest sound a human can detect.

Impaired facial recognition is more common in patients with

posterior right hemisphere damage.

A clinician is teaching a patient a technique for dysphagia that includes having the patient take a deep breath, hold the breath, swallow, cough on exhalation, swallow again before breathing, and then breathe again. This technique is called

a supraglottic swallow.

The average duration of the normal pharyngeal swallow

1 second

Praxis Review Flashcards

(683 cards)