Pre-Finals

Question 1

raw information or facts that become useful information when organized in a meaningful way

Answer 1

Data

Question 2

Is concerned with “looking after” and processing data

Answer 2

Data Management

Question 3

Importance of Data Management

Answer 3

• Ensures that data for analysis are of high quality
• Good data management allows further use of the data in the future and enables efficient integration of results with other studies.
• Good data management leads to improved processing efficiency, improved data quality, and improved meaningfulness of the data.

Question 4

this is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about all members of a given population

Answer 4

Census

Question 5

Researchers rarely survey the entire population for two (2) reasons _______________

Answer 5

Cost is too high
Population is dynamic

Question 6

Is a selection of a subset within a population

Answer 6

Sample Survey

Question 7

Three main advantages of sampling

Answer 7

Cost is lower
Data collection is faster
Improve the accuracy and quality
of the data.

Question 8

performed when there are some controlled variables

Answer 8

Experiment

Question 9

main requirements to experiments?

Answer 9

Possibility of Replication

Question 10

appropriate when there are no controlled variables and replication is impossible

Answer 10

Observation Study

Question 11

Ex: explores the correlation
between smoking and lung cancer.

Answer 11

Observation Study

Question 12

Characteristics of a well-designed and well-conducted survey

Answer 12

• Good survey must be representative of the population
• Always incorporates a chance, such as a random number generator
• Wording of the question must be neutral
• Possible sources of errors and biases should be controlled

Question 13

sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection

Answer 13

Non-Probability Sampling

Question 14

Ex: customers in a supermarket are asked questions

Answer 14

Convenience sampling

Question 15

judgment is used to select the subjects based on specified proportions

Answer 15

Quota sampling

Question 16

Ex: interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60.

Answer 16

Quota sampling

Question 17

All samples of a given size have an equal probability of being
selected and selections are independent.

Answer 17

Simple Random Sampling

Question 18

Dividing the target population into strata (subpopulations) of equal size and then selecting randomly one element from the first stratum and corresponding elements from all other strata

Answer 18

Systematic Sampling

Question 19

when the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized by these categories into separate “strata”

Answer 19

Stratified sampling

Question 20

A stratified sampling approach is most effective when three conditions are met:

Answer 20

a. Variability within strata are minimized
b. Variability between strata are maximized
c. The variables upon which the population is stratified are strongly correlated with the desired
dependent variable.

Question 21

(e.g. by selecting respondents from certain areas only, or certain time-periods only). Is an example
of two-stage random sampling

Answer 21

Cluster sampling

Question 22

(2) samples in which the members are clearly paired, or are matched explicitly by the researcher

Answer 22

Matched Random Sampling

Question 23

Characteristics of a well-designed and well-conducted experiment

Answer 23

• Stating the purpose of research
• Design of experiments
• Examining the data set in secondary analyses
• Documenting and presenting the results of the study

Question 24

an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates
(positively or negatively) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable.

Answer 24

Confounding

Question 25

Example: Consider the statistical relationship between ice cream sales and drowning deaths. These two (2) variables have a positive correlation because both occur more often during summer.

Answer 25

Confounding

Question 26

is a technique used to make the subjects “blind” to which treatment is being given.

Answer 26

Blinding

Question 27

an imitation pill identical to the actual treatment pill, but without the treatment ingredients

Answer 27

Placebo

Question 28

Is a sham (or simulated) effect when medical intervention has no direct health impact but results in actual improvement of a medical condition because the patients knew they were treated.

Answer 28

Placebo Effect

Question 29

Is the arranging of experimental units in groups (blocks) that are similar to one another.

Answer 29

Blocking

Question 30

Example: sex of a patient

Answer 30

Blocking

Question 31

Are for studying the effects of one primary factor without the need to take other nuisance variables into account

Answer 31

Completely Randomized Design

Question 32

Is a collection of completely randomized experiments, each run within one of the blocks of the total experiment.

Answer 32

Randomized Block Design

Question 33

Is used to determine whether there is significant difference between the expected value frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories

Answer 33

Chi-Square

Question 34

is used to test whether a frequency distribution obtained experimentally fits an “expected” frequency distribution that is based on the theoretical or previously known probability of each outcome.

Answer 34

Goodness of Fit Test

Question 35

is used to assess if two (2) factors are related

Answer 35

Test of Independence