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Bio 132 > Pre-gastrulation > Flashcards

Pre-gastrulation Flashcards

1
Q

process by wherein the developmental trajectory of a tissue or organ is affected by the presence of a neighboring group of cells

A

cellular induction

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2
Q

t or f: cellular induction usually results in changes in gene expression and cell behavior

A

t

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3
Q

t or f: cellular induction involves signals that bind to receptors to begin the signal transduction pathway

A

t

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4
Q

it is the ability of a cell to respond to induction

A

competence

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5
Q

it is the ability to sense and respond to chemical signals

A

competence

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6
Q

it is the ability of a cell to respond to external factors

A

competence

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7
Q

t or f: before a responder can respond, it should be competent

A

t

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8
Q

t or f: morphogens act over short distances

A

f; long

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9
Q

how do different tissues respond to a signal

A
  • incompetent
  • competent and correct
  • competent and incorrect
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10
Q

induction may either be: (types of induction)

A

permissive and instructive

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11
Q

a type of induction wherein the responder contains all the potentials that are to be expressed, and needs only an environment that allows the expression of these traits

A

permissive interaction

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12
Q

a type of induction wherein a signal from the inducing cell is necessary for initiating new gene expression in the responding cell

A

instructive interaction

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13
Q

two types of instructive interaction

A
  • appositional
  • morphogen gradient
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14
Q

it is an instructive interaction wherein there must be a close interaction with the tissues to allow the expression to happen

A

appositional interaction

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15
Q

what are the types of cell-to-cell communications?

A
  • autocrine
  • signaling across gap junctions
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
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16
Q

a form of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets itself

A

autocrine

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17
Q

a form of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions

A

signaling across gap junctions

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18
Q

a form of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a nearby cell

A

paracrine

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19
Q

a form of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a distant cell thru the bloodstream

A

endocrine

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20
Q

t or f: in the signal transduction pathway, the chemical messengers can only enter the target cell via diffusion

A

f; it can enter via receptor binding as well

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21
Q

t or f: the nature of the ligand cannot affect the type of signal transduction

A

f

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22
Q

which chemical signaling is considered long lasting

A

endocrine

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23
Q

which chemical signaling is considered short-lasting

A

paracrine

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24
Q

t or f: an H2O ligand can diffuse into the membrane

A

f

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25
Q

t or f: a fat-soluble ligand can diffuse into the membrane

A

t

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26
Q

it is the transmission of molecular signals from the cell’s exterior to its interior and is also known as cell signaling

A

signal transduction

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27
Q

what happens to fat-soluble ligand when it enters the cell?

A

there is an intracellular binding of receptor

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28
Q

t or f: cell-to-cell interactions does not need an environment to initiate responses

A

f

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29
Q

t or f: the ECM is a homogenous structure

A

f

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30
Q

different components of the ECM

A
  • proteoglycans
  • fibronectin
  • laminin
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31
Q

structure that supports the tissue and cell

A

ECM

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32
Q

t or f: if tissue shape changes, ECM changes

A

t

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33
Q

example of developmental stage wherein ECM is helping

A

neural fold formation; ECM needs to change to raise the neural plate

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34
Q

multiple functional roles of the ECM in various biological processes

A
  • functions as adhesive substrate
  • provides structure
  • presents growth factors to their receptors
  • sequesters and stores growth factors
  • senses and transduces mechanical signals
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35
Q

an ECM component that is responsible for the delivery of paracrine factors

A

proteoglycans

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36
Q

pathway involved in heparan sulfate, a proteoglycan

A

FGF pathway

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37
Q

t or f: if proteoglycan synthesis is blocked, normal cell migration, morphogenesis, and differentiation will still take place

A

f

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38
Q

two examples of proteoglycans

A

heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate

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39
Q

a glycoprotein which serves as a general adhesive molecule

A

fibronectin

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40
Q

a glycoprotein which paves the roadway

A

fibronectin

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41
Q

explain the fibronectin assembly

A
  • folded configuration of FBN binds to integrin alpha 5 beta 1dimer
  • FBN exerts effort to ECM dimer
  • FBN elongate or unfold
  • fibrin acts as roads for cells
42
Q

what happens to FBN once it binds to integrin alpha 5 beta 1 dimer?

A

FBN sites are exposed for fibril formation

43
Q

it involves the changes in the configuration of FBN

A

fibrillogenesis

44
Q

an ECM component which is aka the basement protein

A

laminin

45
Q

sites wherein laminin is degraded

A
  • lungs
  • pancreas
  • mammary gland branching
46
Q

t or f: laminin interacts with receptors in cells immediately neighboring the basement membrane

A

t

47
Q

t or f: laminin must be removed to remodel the tissue

A

t

48
Q

an ECM component that acts as tissue foundation

A

laminin

49
Q

multiple factors presented by the ECM that can regulate cell behaviors

A
  • topography
  • fiber and pore size
  • fiber orientation
  • fiber elasticity
  • ligand density
  • basement membrane
  • fibrous ECM
50
Q

ECM factor which allows cells to invade through gaps

A

fiber and pore size

51
Q

fiber can be elastic because of what protein?

A

elastin

52
Q

fiber can be rigid because of what protein?

A

collagen

53
Q

ECM factor which affects the extent of cell spreading

A

ligand density

54
Q

a transmembrane protein which mediates cell-to-cell adhesion

A

cadherins

55
Q

principal receptors used by cells to bind to the ECM

A

integrins

56
Q

different junctional complexes that connect cells

A
  • tight junction
  • anchoring junction
  • gap junction
57
Q

types of anchoring junctions

A
  • adhering junctions
  • desmosome
  • hemidesmosome
58
Q

main protein of tight junction

A

claudins

59
Q

t or f: cell adhesion molecules underlie all types of cellular junctions

A

t

60
Q

it is a protein domain that mediates the binding of the cell to environment or other cells

A

extracellular domain

61
Q

it is a protein domain that passes through the plasma membrane

A

transmembrane domain

62
Q

it is a protein domain which interacts with cytoskeleton

A

intracellular domain

63
Q

a type of cadherin needed for the formation and migration of the epiblast as a sheer during gastrulation

A

E-cadherin

64
Q

a type of cadherin that helps the placenta stick on the uterus

A

P-cadherin

65
Q

a type of cadherin that is highly expressed on the cells of the developing CNS

A

N-cadherin

66
Q

a type of cadherin that is critical in retina formation

A

R-cadherin

67
Q

mutation in this cadherin leads to neural tube defects

A

N-cadherin

68
Q

mutation in this cadherin leads to epiboly defects

A

E-cadherin

69
Q

t or f: cadherins exhibit a heterophilic interaction

A

f; homophilic

70
Q

t or f: cadherins are necessary for development

A

t

71
Q

the downregulation of this cadherin led to a defective male-pattern development in mice

A

N-cadherin

72
Q

integrin signaling wherein intracellular activator binds to induce conformational change and increased affinity for extracellular ligands

A

inside-out signaling

73
Q

integrin signaling wherein the ligand binds outside of the integrin inducing integrin clustering

A

outside-in signaling

74
Q

what happens when a ligand bind to integrin in outside-in signaling?

A

there is activation of signal cascade which leads to intracellular signals

75
Q

what happens to unligated integrins?

A

induce apoptosis

76
Q

t or f: integrins do not function in cell signaling

A

f

77
Q

steps in mesenchymal cell migration

A
  • the cell is attached to the ECM via integrins and FA
  • actin polymerization at the leading edge extends filamentous actin protrusions including a front-rear polarization
  • new FA adhesions attach the protrusions to the ECM followed by F-actin rearward movement aka actin retrograde flow
  • disassembly of rear FA and myosin II contraction at the back of cell generate the pushing force
78
Q

steps in amoeboid cell migration

A
  • no adhesions formed
  • formation of membrane blebs aka pseudopodia inducing a front-rear polarization
  • actin retrograde flow is initiated by mechanical forces like confinement
  • myosin II contraction to push the cell forward
79
Q

adhesion-maturation process

A
  • focal complexes
  • focal adhesions
  • fibrillar adhesions
80
Q

focal adhesions will mature into

A

fibrillar adhesions

81
Q

it is the ECM-bound cell migration

A

mesenchymal

82
Q

it is the ECM-free cell migration

A

amoeboid

83
Q

it is the first detectable cell-ECM adhesion in cell migration

A

focal complex

84
Q

t or f: fibrillar adhesion is easy remove

A

f

85
Q

the structure that contracts in cell migration

A

myosin II

86
Q

category of cell migration that is important in morphogenesis

A

collective cell migration

87
Q

types of amoeboid migration

A
  • blebby
  • pseudopodal
88
Q

categories of cell migration

A
  • single cell migration
  • collective cell migration
89
Q

difference between single cell migration and collective cell migration

A

collective cell migration involves cell-cell adhesions

90
Q

types of collective cell migration

A
  • epithelial
  • mesenchymal
91
Q

t or f: epithelial cell migration has weaker cell-cell adhesion compared to mesenchymal cell-cell adhesion

A

f

92
Q

purpose of stable cell-cell adhesion in epithelial collective cell migration

A

to fulfill its barrier function

93
Q

t or f: mesenchymal collective migration has transient cell-cell adhesion

A

t

94
Q

it is when certain group of cells preferentially mix with similar cell types

A

differential cell affinity

95
Q

t or f: cells with more cadherins have lower surface cohesion

A

f; higher surface cohesion

96
Q

t or f: cells with more cadherins migrate internally

A

t

97
Q

t or f: differential cell affinity can contribute to the formation of distinct cell groups

A

t

98
Q

t or f: cells rearrange in the most thermodynamically stable pattern

A

t

99
Q

t or f: cells may also differentially segregate based on the type of adhesion

A

t

100
Q

t or f: cells can sort based on difference in adhesion strengths

A

t

Bio 132 (5 decks)

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