pre lab 4

Question 1

organelles

Answer 1

Special specialized structures inside the cell

Question 2

Cell cycle

Answer 2

The cycle of growth and division in a cell

Question 3

mitosis

Answer 3

Hereditary information contained within the nucleus of a parent cell must first be replicated, and then evenly distributed between the resulting daughter cell through this

Question 4

cytokinesis

Answer 4

The division of the cytoplasm of the parent cell into two daughter cells

Question 5

nucleus

Answer 5

The largest organelle
Usually, the only one clearly visible with the light microscope
contains the cells chromosomes
The genetic control center of cellular activity
usually, it’s steroidal to elliptical in shape
About 5 µm in diameter

Question 6

Anuclear

Answer 6

Cells with no nucleus
mature red blood cells have none

Question 7

Multi nuclear

Answer 7

Having 2 to 50 nuclei
ex. skeletal Muscle cells, some liver cells, certain bone dissolving cells

Question 8

nucloplasm

Answer 8

material in the nucleus
includes chromatin and nucleoli

Question 9

chromatin

Answer 9

Find thread like matter, composed of DNA and protein

Question 10

nucleoli

Answer 10

Dark staining masses where ribosomes are produced

Question 11

endoplasmes reticulum

Answer 11

er
literally means little network within the cytoplasm
system of interconnected channels called cisternae

Question 12

cisternae

Answer 12

enclosed by a unit membrane
interconnected channels

Question 13

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

in this area, the cisternae are parallel, flattened sacs covered with granules called ribosomes

continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, and adjacent cisternae are connected by perpendicular bridges

Question 14

smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 14

in this area, the cisternae are more tubular, branch more extensively and lack ribosomes

continuous with those of the rough ER, so the two are different parts of the same network

Question 15

ribosomes

Answer 15

small granules of protein and RNA found in the nucleoli, in the cytosol, and on the outer surfaces of the rough ER and nuclear envelope

Question 16

golgi complex

Answer 16

small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoproteins synthesis

receives newly synthesized proteins from the rough ER.
sort, cuts, and splices them, add carbohydrate moieties to some, and finally packages the proteins in membrane bounded golgi vesicles

resembles a stack of pita bread

consists of abt six cisternae slightly separated from each other

each cisterna is flattened often curved sac with swollen edges

Question 17

golgi vesicles

Answer 17

bud off the swollen rim of cisterna and are seen in abundance in the neighborhood of the golgi complex.
some of these become lysosomes,
some migrate to the plasma membrane and fuse with it, contributing fresh protein and phospholipid to the membrane.
some become secretory vesicles

Question 18

secretory vesicles

Answer 18

store a cell product such as breast milk or digestive enzymes. for later release.

Question 19

lysosome

Answer 19

what: package of enzymes bounded by a single unit membrane

appearance: often round and oval; but can be variable in shape, often exhibit dark gray contents devoid structure, sometimes show crystals or parallel layers of protein

function:
- hydrolyse proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substrates.
- in the liver, they break down stored glycogen to release glucose into bloodstream
- in white blood cells, they digest phagocytized bacteria
- digest and dispose of surplus or non vital organelles and other cell components in order to recycle their nutrients to more important cel needs. (autophagy)
- aid in process of “cell suicide”
(ex. uterus shrink after birthing due to autolysis)

Question 20

autophagy

Answer 20

when lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non vital organelles and other cell components in order to recycle their nutrients to more important cell needs

Question 21

autolysis

Answer 21

the digestion of surplus cells by their own lysosomal enzymes

Question 22

peroxisomes

Answer 22

what:
resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced but the endoplasmic reticulum rather than the golgi complex

function:
- use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules
- this produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), then h2o2 oxidizes orge molecules and the excess is broken down to water and oxygen by enzyme called catalase
- also decomposes fatty acids into two carbon fragments that the mitochondria use as an energy source for ATP synthesis.

facts:
- occur in nearly all cells but are especially abundant in liver and kidney cells.
- they neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood borne toxins.

Question 23

mitochondria

Answer 23

what:
organelles
specializes for synthesizing ATP

appearance:
- variety of shapes: sphéroïdal, rod shaped, kidney shaped, threadlike.
- surrounded by a double unit membrane.
inner membrane has folds called cristae.

function:

Question 24

ribosomes

Answer 24

enzymes used in ATP synthesis

Question 25

the space between the cristae

Answer 25

matrix

Question 26

matrix contains

Answer 26

ribosomes and a small circular DNA molecule called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)