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HS2801 > pre-midterm > Flashcards

pre-midterm Flashcards

1
Q

clinical research

A

evaluates the best way to prevent, diagnose and treat adverse health issues that adversely affect individuals and families

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2
Q

population health research

A

focuses on the health outcomes and the determinants of health in groups of humans (populations)

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3
Q

biological research

A

looks at changes at the human cellular level that can be related to health outcomes

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4
Q

brainstorm

A

generating long lists of spontaneous ideas about possible research questions

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5
Q

concept mapping

A

visual listing of ideas and grouping them to reveal relationships & connections

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6
Q

exposure

A

personal characteristic, behaviour, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition

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7
Q

outcome

A

an observed event such as the presence of disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured endpoint in an experimental study

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8
Q

population

A

a group of individuals, communities, or organizations with identifiable similar characteristics

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9
Q

PICOT

A

patient/population
intervention
compared to
outcome
timeframe

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10
Q

a good research question is

A

real
testable
generalizable
purposeful

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11
Q

SMART

A

specific
measurable
attainable
realistic or relevant
timely

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12
Q

conceptual model

A

researcher sketches using boxes and arrows show relationships

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13
Q

probability sampling

A

probability of selecting each sampling unit is known
SSSCM (types)

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14
Q

simple random sampling

A

random 12/36

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15
Q

systematic sampling

A

random start then follow a frame
(every 3rd)

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16
Q

stratified sampling

A

stratas are groups divided based on geography, sex, culture etc. so you take random sampling from these distinct groups

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17
Q

cluster sampling

A

natural clusters like schools or neighbourhoods, you observe the entire cluster

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18
Q

multistage sampling

A

primary sampling units are selected, then secondary, then tertiary….
ex. municipalities, cities, neighbourhoods, individuals

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19
Q

non-probability based sample

A

convenience, and purposive sampling

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20
Q

convenience sample

A

selection from a source population due to ease of access

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21
Q

purposive sampling

A

chosen because of the insights they can provide
(key informants) selected to participate because they have expertise relevant to the study

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22
Q

sampling bias

A

(berksons, healthy worker, exclusion)

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23
Q

selection bias

A

healthier or educated people are more likely to volunteer for research

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24
Q

berksons bias

A

recruit from hospitals and therefore they’re more likely to have comorbid conditions

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25
Q

healthy worker bias

A

recruit from occupational settings: they’re more likely to be healthier than the general population

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26
Q

exclusion bias

A

occurs when different eligibility criteria are applied to cases and controls ex. the controls with health conditions related to an exposure are excluded but cases with those comorbidities are not???

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27
Q

type 1 å error

A

false positive
- yields statistically significant when its not

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28
Q

type 2 Beta error

A

false negative
- yields no significance when there is a significant difference

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29
Q

skip logic

A

codes automatically hide questions irrelevant to that participant
ex. if they click no they are not employed, further questions about employment will be SKIPPED

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30
Q

back translation

A

crucial in international: translation from one language to another and then back to the original language

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31
Q

pilot testing

A

evaluates feasibility of a research project

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32
Q

internal validity

A

do the observed results accurately reflect the true association

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33
Q

external validity (generalizability)

A

who the results can be applied to
requires internal validity

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34
Q

selection bias

A

systematic error in the way participants have been chosen

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35
Q

information bias

A

due to measurement error (where in the table they are applied - as exposed, diseased)

36
Q

3 threats to validity

A

chance, bias, confounding

37
Q

volunteer selection bias

A

volunteers are typically more health conscious people and from a different SES group

38
Q

non-response selection bias

A

those suffering from a disease with a particular belief

39
Q

membership selection bias

A

healthy worker effect

40
Q

loss to follow up selection bias

A

sickest usually leave study early

41
Q

what can be done to fix bias once it has occurred

A

little to nothing

42
Q

confounding

A

distortion of the actual association due to a mixing of effects between the exposure and an incidental variable
- threatens internal validity of study

43
Q

why does the confounding occur

A

the exposed and unexposed group are not exchangeable, they differ by other factors than just exposure status

44
Q

confounders are usually more of a problem in which study

A

observational

45
Q

how to identify a confounder

A

literature, consult experts, statistical tests

46
Q

restriction

A

limit study inclusion criteria with respect to confounding factors
ex. study only men or only women

47
Q

matching

A

produce case-control groups that have similar characteristics

48
Q

randomization

A

?

49
Q

random sampling error

A

?

50
Q

descriptive research

A

monitor the publics health
evaluate the success of program
generate hypotheses about cause of disease

  • cross sectional, correlational (can also be analytic)
51
Q

analytic research

A

evaluate hypothesis about cause of disease
evaluate success of intervention program
- experimental, case control, cohort study

52
Q

source population

A

population you are interested in knowing more about

53
Q

study population

A

population you enrolled in your study to represent the source population

54
Q

case report

A

health issues in one patient

55
Q

case series

A

examine one health issue in a group of people

56
Q

experimental study

A

investigator actively manipulates which groups receive agents (clinical and community trial)

57
Q

observational study

A

investigator observes as nature takes its course
(cross sectional, cohort study, case-control study)

58
Q

cross sectional study

A

group of people examined at one point in time

59
Q

point prevalence

A

proportion of population with a characteristic at one point in time

60
Q

limitation of cross sectional studies

A

cannot assess causality because it has no time dimension.
can be said to be associated or related but can not “cause” a disease

61
Q

repeated cross sectional study

A

does NOT track the same individuals forward in time

62
Q

correlational/ecological studies

A

the unit of analysis is the group, not the individual

63
Q

ecological fallacy

A

the incorrect assumption that individuals follow the trends observed in population level data

64
Q

cohort study

A

group of individuals followed forward in time

65
Q

prospective

A

you start the study and follow into future

66
Q

retrospective

A

using data from past to do the study

67
Q

t/f? both retrospective and prospective, the exposure is determined before the outcome happens

A

true

68
Q

perks of retrospective

A

cheap, fast, good for diseases with long latent period
however they’re more vulnerable to bias

69
Q

pros of cohort study

A

valuable when EXPOSURE is rare
examine multiple effects of a single exposure
easy to determine temporal relationship between exposure and outcome
allows measurement of incidence

70
Q

cons of cohort studies

A

validity affected by losses to follow up
confounding
inefficient for evaluation of rare diseases
can be expensive and time consuming
if retrospective they require good records

71
Q

2 necessary requirements of controls

A
  1. must come from same source population as the cases
  2. must be selected independently of exposure
72
Q

case control study

A

?

73
Q

case control pros

A

more efficient than cohort study
suited to diseases with long latent period
optimal for rare disease
can examine multiple sources

74
Q

cons of case control study

A
  • exposure assessed after development of disease or outcome
  • recall bias
  • prone to selection bias in control choice
  • can usually only study one disease or outcome
  • inefficient for rare exposures
  • cannot calculate absolute measure of association
75
Q

epidemiology

A

the process of making a study group and a comparison group comparable with respect to extraneous factors

76
Q

randomization

A

each study participant has the same probability of receiving treatment
- balances confounders
- creates 2 groups that are the same except one group has the treatment and one does not

77
Q

minimizing bias (blinding or masking)

A

method of ensuring that participants or study investigators have no knowledge of whether a study participant has been assigned to the treatment or comparison group

78
Q

single blind

A

study participant does not know whether they are receiving treatment or no treatment

79
Q

double blind

A

neither the study participant or investigator administering treatment knows who receives it or not

80
Q

triple blind

A

neither the study participant, investigator administering, or investigator monitoring effects knows who is receiving treatment

81
Q

t/f blinding is always possible

A

false

82
Q

t/f placebo is type of blinding

A

true

83
Q

minimize bias?

A

compliance (follow protocol exactly as required)

84
Q

minimize bias?

A

compliance (follow protocol exactly as required)

85
Q

crossover trial

A

randomize so one group receives intervention then control… other receives control then intervention
- each person acts as their own control

HS2801 (5 decks)

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