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HS2801 > pre-midterm > Flashcards

pre-midterm Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

clinical research

A

evaluates the best way to prevent, diagnose and treat adverse health issues that adversely affect individuals and families

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2
Q

population health research

A

focuses on the health outcomes and the determinants of health in groups of humans (populations)

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3
Q

biological research

A

looks at changes at the human cellular level that can be related to health outcomes

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4
Q

brainstorm

A

generating long lists of spontaneous ideas about possible research questions

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5
Q

concept mapping

A

visual listing of ideas and grouping them to reveal relationships & connections

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6
Q

exposure

A

personal characteristic, behaviour, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition

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7
Q

outcome

A

an observed event such as the presence of disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured endpoint in an experimental study

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8
Q

population

A

a group of individuals, communities, or organizations with identifiable similar characteristics

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9
Q

PICOT

A

patient/population
intervention
compared to
outcome
timeframe

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10
Q

a good research question is

A

real
testable
generalizable
purposeful

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11
Q

SMART

A

specific
measurable
attainable
realistic or relevant
timely

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12
Q

conceptual model

A

researcher sketches using boxes and arrows show relationships

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13
Q

probability sampling

A

probability of selecting each sampling unit is known
SSSCM (types)

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14
Q

simple random sampling

A

random 12/36

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15
Q

systematic sampling

A

random start then follow a frame
(every 3rd)

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16
Q

stratified sampling

A

stratas are groups divided based on geography, sex, culture etc. so you take random sampling from these distinct groups

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17
Q

cluster sampling

A

natural clusters like schools or neighbourhoods, you observe the entire cluster

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18
Q

multistage sampling

A

primary sampling units are selected, then secondary, then tertiary….
ex. municipalities, cities, neighbourhoods, individuals

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19
Q

non-probability based sample

A

convenience, and purposive sampling

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20
Q

convenience sample

A

selection from a source population due to ease of access

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21
Q

purposive sampling

A

chosen because of the insights they can provide
(key informants) selected to participate because they have expertise relevant to the study

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22
Q

sampling bias

A

(berksons, healthy worker, exclusion)

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23
Q

selection bias

A

healthier or educated people are more likely to volunteer for research

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24
Q

berksons bias

A

recruit from hospitals and therefore they’re more likely to have comorbid conditions

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25
healthy worker bias
recruit from occupational settings: they're more likely to be healthier than the general population
26
exclusion bias
occurs when different eligibility criteria are applied to cases and controls ex. the controls with health conditions related to an exposure are excluded but cases with those comorbidities are not???
27
type 1 å error
false positive - yields statistically significant when its not
28
type 2 Beta error
false negative - yields no significance when there is a significant difference
29
skip logic
codes automatically hide questions irrelevant to that participant ex. if they click no they are not employed, further questions about employment will be SKIPPED
30
back translation
crucial in international: translation from one language to another and then back to the original language
31
pilot testing
evaluates feasibility of a research project
32
internal validity
do the observed results accurately reflect the true association
33
external validity (generalizability)
who the results can be applied to requires internal validity
34
selection bias
systematic error in the way participants have been chosen
35
information bias
due to measurement error (where in the table they are applied - as exposed, diseased)
36
3 threats to validity
chance, bias, confounding
37
volunteer selection bias
volunteers are typically more health conscious people and from a different SES group
38
non-response selection bias
those suffering from a disease with a particular belief
39
membership selection bias
healthy worker effect
40
loss to follow up selection bias
sickest usually leave study early
41
what can be done to fix bias once it has occurred
little to nothing
42
confounding
distortion of the actual association due to a mixing of effects between the exposure and an incidental variable - threatens internal validity of study
43
why does the confounding occur
the exposed and unexposed group are not exchangeable, they differ by other factors than just exposure status
44
confounders are usually more of a problem in which study
observational
45
how to identify a confounder
literature, consult experts, statistical tests
46
restriction
limit study inclusion criteria with respect to confounding factors ex. study only men or only women
47
matching
produce case-control groups that have similar characteristics
48
randomization
?
49
random sampling error
?
50
descriptive research
monitor the publics health evaluate the success of program generate hypotheses about cause of disease - cross sectional, correlational (can also be analytic)
51
analytic research
evaluate hypothesis about cause of disease evaluate success of intervention program - experimental, case control, cohort study
52
source population
population you are interested in knowing more about
53
study population
population you enrolled in your study to represent the source population
54
case report
health issues in one patient
55
case series
examine one health issue in a group of people
56
experimental study
investigator actively manipulates which groups receive agents (clinical and community trial)
57
observational study
investigator observes as nature takes its course (cross sectional, cohort study, case-control study)
58
cross sectional study
group of people examined at one point in time
59
point prevalence
proportion of population with a characteristic at one point in time
60
limitation of cross sectional studies
cannot assess causality because it has no time dimension. can be said to be associated or related but can not "cause" a disease
61
repeated cross sectional study
does NOT track the same individuals forward in time
62
correlational/ecological studies
the unit of analysis is the group, not the individual
63
ecological fallacy
the incorrect assumption that individuals follow the trends observed in population level data
64
cohort study
group of individuals followed forward in time
65
prospective
you start the study and follow into future
66
retrospective
using data from past to do the study
67
t/f? both retrospective and prospective, the exposure is determined before the outcome happens
true
68
perks of retrospective
cheap, fast, good for diseases with long latent period however they're more vulnerable to bias
69
pros of cohort study
valuable when EXPOSURE is rare examine multiple effects of a single exposure easy to determine temporal relationship between exposure and outcome allows measurement of incidence
70
cons of cohort studies
validity affected by losses to follow up confounding inefficient for evaluation of rare diseases can be expensive and time consuming if retrospective they require good records
71
2 necessary requirements of controls
1. must come from same source population as the cases 2. must be selected independently of exposure
72
case control study
?
73
case control pros
more efficient than cohort study suited to diseases with long latent period optimal for rare disease can examine multiple sources
74
cons of case control study
- exposure assessed after development of disease or outcome - recall bias - prone to selection bias in control choice - can usually only study one disease or outcome - inefficient for rare exposures - cannot calculate absolute measure of association
75
epidemiology
the process of making a study group and a comparison group comparable with respect to extraneous factors
76
randomization
each study participant has the same probability of receiving treatment - balances confounders - creates 2 groups that are the same except one group has the treatment and one does not
77
minimizing bias (blinding or masking)
method of ensuring that participants or study investigators have no knowledge of whether a study participant has been assigned to the treatment or comparison group
78
single blind
study participant does not know whether they are receiving treatment or no treatment
79
double blind
neither the study participant or investigator administering treatment knows who receives it or not
80
triple blind
neither the study participant, investigator administering, or investigator monitoring effects knows who is receiving treatment
81
t/f blinding is always possible
false
82
t/f placebo is type of blinding
true
83
minimize bias?
compliance (follow protocol exactly as required)
84
minimize bias?
compliance (follow protocol exactly as required)
85
crossover trial
randomize so one group receives intervention then control... other receives control then intervention - each person acts as their own control

HS2801 (5 decks)

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