Pre-Midterm

Question 1

P0

Answer 1

Parental cross
‘True breeding’
Homozygotes

Question 2

Assumed blending inheritance

Answer 2

Average of parental phenotypes.

Question 3

Gene

Answer 3

Generally, a specific region of the genome that codes for a particular protien.

Question 4

Allele

Answer 4

A specific sequence of a gene, generally to compare between alleles of a single gene.

Question 5

Homozygote

Answer 5

In diploids, where both copies of a gene are the same allele- a genotype.

Question 6

Heterozygote

Answer 6

In diploids, where both copies of a gene are different alleles-a genotype.

Question 7

Dominant

Answer 7

Allele’s phenotype appears in both homozygotes and heterozygotes.

Question 8

Recessive

Answer 8

Allele’s phenotype only evident in homozygotes.

Question 9

Genotype

Answer 9

The genetic sequence of interest.

Question 10

Phenotype

Answer 10

The physical/cellular/protein results of a genotype and environmental effects. Characteristics produced by different genotypes, also a response to the environment.

Question 11

Dominant

Answer 11

Allele’s phenotype appears in both homozygotes and heterozygotes.
Feature of the phenotype.

Question 12

Recessive

Answer 12

Allele’s phenotype only evident in homozygotes.
Feature of the phenotype.

Question 13

F1

Answer 13

First generation offspring/hybrid (heterozygotes)
Shows dominant phenotype.
Genotypes hidden.

Question 14

F2

Answer 14

Second generation offspring/hybrids
Not all heterozygotes
Shows all possible phenotypes
Can infer all genotypes.

Question 15

Monohybrid cross

Answer 15

Looking at a single trait/gene.

Question 16

Dihybrid cross

Answer 16

Looking at 2 traits/genes.

Question 17

Test cross

Answer 17

Determining unknown genotype by crossing an unknown individual with a homozygous recessive.

Question 18

Mendel’s Approach I

Answer 18

Designed crosses carefully and kept detailed records of each.
Kept track of generations.

Question 19

Mendel’s Approach II

Answer 19

Mendel created true breeding lineages.
Plants were crossed repeatedly until all offspring looked like parentals–>homozygotes.
Mostly done through selfing.

Question 20

Mendel’s Conclusions II

Answer 20

Alternative versions of genes account for variation in inherited characteristics.
Diploid organisms inherit two alleles, one from each parent.
If two alleles are different one may be dominant.
Each haploid gamete carries only one allele of a given trait because they segregate from one another during meiosis.

Question 21

Law of Segregation

Answer 21

The first mendelian law.
Alleles of a gene separate independently (randomly) from each other during transmission from parent offspring.
The dominant phenotype appears at 100% in the F1.
The phenotypic frequencies in F2 conforms to 3:1 (dominant:recessive)

Question 22

Mendel’s Explanation

Answer 22

=Genotype

Question 23

How can you determine the genotype of an unknown

Answer 23

Test cross

Question 24

The frequency of the hybrid recessive allele

Answer 24

=Frequency of the recessive phenotype

Question 25

The frequency of the hybrid dominant allele

Answer 25

=Frequency of the dominant phenotype

Question 26

Monohybrid Crosses

Answer 26

Crosses of two varieties of true-breeding plants that differed in one character.

Question 27

Dihybrid Crosses

Answer 27

Crosses of two varieties of true-breeding plants that differed in two characters.
For every character, one trait is Dominant and one trait is recessive

Question 28

Recombinant Phenotypes

Answer 28

Phenotypes not seen in parentals or F1

Question 29

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 29

The Second Mendelian Law.
Alleles of two (or more) genes (loic) segregate independently during transmission from parent to offspring.
The two dominant phenotypes appear at 100% in the F1.
In the F2, 4 phenotypes are present.
The expected F2 frequency for phenotypes generated by alleles of two loci is
9:3:3:1 (double dominant, dominant recessive, recessive dominant, double recessive.

Question 30

In the F2, 4 Phenotypes are present

Answer 30

Two parental phenotypes present in the P0 generation.
Two new phenotypes (recombinants) absent from P0 or F1.