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Practical Neuroanatomy > Pre Test > Flashcards

Pre Test Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

First developmental subdivision of the brain

A

Fluid filled tube with walls of cells

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2
Q

Developmental stage with three swellings

A
  1. Forebrain: prosencephalon
  2. Midbrain: mesencephalon
  3. Hindbrain: rhombencephalon
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3
Q

Development of brain at around day 50

A
  1. Forebrain:
    - telencephalon: will become the two hemispheres (cortex) and deeper structures basal ganglia and limbic system
    - diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
  2. Midbrain: mesencephalon
  3. Hindbrain:
    - metencephalon: cerebellum and pons
    - Mylencephalon: medulla
    Brain stem = midbrain, pons and medulla
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4
Q

Contralateral

A

Right side of the brain control es the left side of body and vice versa

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5
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Both on the same side

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6
Q

Nuclei

A

Aggregation of neurons

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7
Q

Bundles of axons in CNS

A

Tracts

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8
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Located under the cortex
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- Globus pallidus
- substantia nigra
–> motor control - most important function is the integration of motor patters with visual and auditive information

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9
Q

Limbic system

A
  • amygdala (almond shaped) - emotion regulation
  • hippocampus (sea horse) - important for learning -> MEMORY
  • Fornix (fiber tracts extending with hippocampus to mammillary bodies) - learning
  • cingulate gyrus
  • Mammillary bodies
    -> emotion, learning and memory
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10
Q

Towards the nose end

A

Anterior/rostral

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11
Q

Towards the tail end

A

Posterior /caudal

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12
Q

Towards the back or top of the head

A

Dorsal

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13
Q

Towards the chest or bottom of the head

A

Ventral

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14
Q

Towards the middle

A

Medial

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15
Q

Away from the middle

A

Lateral

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16
Q

Lower or below

A

Inferior

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17
Q

Upper or above

A

Superior

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18
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia

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19
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

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20
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain, Tectum = inferior and superior colliculi, substantia nigra, red nucleus, reticula formation

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21
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum, pons, reticular formation

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22
Q

Mylencephalon

A

Medulla, reticular formation

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23
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Cortex, one of the six layers -> isocortex
Basal dendrite- spread out horizontally
Apical dendrite - extend to the outmost layer of the cortex

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24
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Located between the two hemispheres

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25
Central sulcus
Divides frontal from parietal lobe
26
Sylvians/ lateral fissure
Divides the portal lobe from frontal lobe and part of the parietal lobe
27
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid - production and distribution in the ventricles
28
Pre-central gyrus
Crucial for motor control
29
Post central gyrus
Receives somatosensory information from the entire body
30
White matter
Composed of myelinated axons
31
Gray matter
Neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites as well as all nerve synapses
32
Medial
Mid-plane
33
To which organ is the pituitary gland an extension?
Hypothalamus
34
Which of the two parts of the diencephalon is located most dorsally?
Thalamus
35
The hippocampus is part of which larger brain structure?
Telencephalon
36
Sagittal
Into left and right halves
37
Coronal plane
Front and back
38
Horizontal plane
Upper and lower
39
Near the trunk or center
Proximal
40
Towards the periphery
Distal
41
Basal ganglia function?
The integration of motor patterns with visual- and auditive information
42
Most important part of the brain cell with which it sends information to other cells?
Axons
43
The left and right hemisphere are connected by the…?
Corpus callosum
44
Which brain structure plays a central role in explicit or long term memory?
Hippocampus
45
Hippocampus
Learning and memory - explicit or long term memory
46
Hypothalamus
Many nuclei with vital functions - autonomous control of metabolic functions ( energy, water balance, temperature …) reproductive behavior > also control es pituitary glands
47
Thalamus
Center of the brain - way station - almost all sensory information enters it Specific nuclei = Has specific and selective relationships with particular portions of the neocortex -> all of the mentioned are relay specific Nonspecific nuclei = project to several cortical and sub cortical regions
48
Cingulate gyrus
Direction of attention - Helps to regulate emotions and pain
49
Amygdala
Almond shapes - system for processing fearful and threatening/aggression stimuli
50
Mammillary bodies
Recollective memory
51
Caudate nucleus
Helps process visual information and control movement
52
Putamen
Involved in learning and motor control, including speech articulation, language functions, reward cognitive functions and addiction
53
Globus pallidus
Controls conscious and proprioceptive movements (the body’s ability to sense movement, action and location) - example walking without looking at your feet
54
Substantia nigra
Production of dopamine
55
Fornix
It’s fiber tracts extend with the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies - key role in cognition and episodic memory - also learning
56
Septum
Mediates the connection between the cortex and sub cortical limbic nuclei
57
Striatum
Composed of caudate nucleus and putamen - coordinates multiple aspects of cognition - motor and action planning, decision making, motivation, reinforcement and reward perception
58
Massa intermedia
Inter thalamic adhesion: connecting the two thalami nuclei - communication
59
Thalamus - Anterior nuclei
Receives input from mammillary nuclei oh hypothalamus and from the hippocampal formation > role is uncertain - memory and emotion
60
Thalamus - Medial group
Receives input from basal ganglia, amygdala and midbrain - memory
61
Thalamus - ventral group
Conveys somatosensory information to neocortex from the basal ganglia and cerebellum
62
Thalamus - posterior group
Medial geniculate nuclei - auditory Lateral geniculate nuclei - visual information
63
Thalamus- reticular nucleus
Forms the outer shell - modulates the activity of other thalamic nuclei
64
Cerebellum functions
Fine tuning of movement - balance- interaction of sensory nuclei
65
Pons
Coordinates facial movements hearing and balance - sensory nuclei - ear first in pons

Practical Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

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