Precipitation and Agglutination

Question 1

Soluble antigens combine with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible

Answer 1

Precipitation

Question 2

Particulate antigens combine with antibody to form larger complexes

Answer 2

Agglutination

Question 3

initial attraction force between a single Fab site on an Ab molecule and a single epitope

Answer 3

Affinity

Question 4

refers to Abs capable of reacting with Ags that are structurally to the original Ag that induced Ab production

Answer 4

Cross-reactivity

Question 5

sum of all attractive forces or sum of the affinities of all individual Ab-Ag combining sites

Answer 5

Avidity

Question 6

A measure of overall stability of an Ag-Ab complex

Answer 6

Avidity

Question 7

Precipitation results from random, reversible reactions whereby each Ab binds to more than one Ag and vice versa, forming a stable network or lattice

Answer 7

Zone of Equivalence

Question 8

IgM has the potential to bind ? different Ag

Answer 8

10

Question 9

Soluble antigen + soluble antibody = insoluble complex

Answer 9

Precipitation

Question 10

Soluble antigen + soluble antibody

Answer 10

Insoluble complex

Question 11

Insoluble particle + soluble antibody = insoluble complex that form visible aggregates

Answer 11

Agglutination

Question 12

Soluble antigen + soluble antibody

Answer 12

Insoluble complex

Question 13

Insoluble particle + soluble antibody

Answer 13

insoluble complex that form visible aggregates

Question 14

oppositely charged particles

Answer 14

Ionic bonds

Question 15

polar molecules

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonds

Question 16

nonpolar molecules

Answer 16

Hydrophobic bonds

Question 17

interaction between electron clouds of oscillating dipoles

Answer 17

Van der Waals forces

Question 18

Lattice hypothesis by?

Answer 18

Marrack

Question 19

Antigen combines with only one or two Ab molecules; and no cross-linkages are formed

Answer 19

Prozone Phenomenon

Question 20

Every available Ab site is bound to a single Ag; and no cross-linkages are formed

Answer 20

Poszone Phenomenon

Question 21

A light scatter technique that measures reduction in intensity of light produced by immune complexes in a solution

Answer 21

Turbidimetry

Question 22

A light scatter technique that measures the amount of light scattered at a particular angle

Answer 22

Nephelometry

Question 23

The greater the immune complexes?

Answer 23

The lesser the light transmitted and The greater the light scatter

Question 24

A single immunodiffusion technique that the antigen diffuses out until the point of equivalence is reached

Answer 24

Radial Immunodiffusion (RID)

Question 25

Ag is allowed to diffuse in completion until equivalence is reached (no further change in diameter) that occurs between 24-72 hours

Answer 25

End-point method (Mancini method)

Question 26

Uses ring diameter readings taken at about 19 hours before equivalence is reached

Answer 26

Kinetic method (Fahey method)

Question 27

A double immunodiffusion technique to determine if the antigens share identical epitopes and is still used to identify fungal antigens such as Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Candida

Answer 27

Ouchterlony double diffusion (ODD)

Question 28

has an arc

Answer 28

Identity

Question 29

has a spur

Answer 29

Partial Identity

Question 30

has crossed lines

Answer 30

Nonidentity

Question 31

A double immunodiffusion technique that incorporates electrophoresis to enhance results

Answer 31

Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)

Question 32

Replaced IEP

Answer 32

Immunofixation electrophoresis

Question 33

(1) Electrophoresis of serum (or urine), i.e., a source of Ag. Antiserum is placed in the trough and then incubated at 18-24 hours. (2) Immunodiffusion occurs and precipitin line develops.

Answer 33

Immunoelectrophoresis

Question 34

(1) Electrophoresis of serum (or urine), i.e., a source of Ag. (2) Antiserum is placed directly at the gel’s surface and then incubated for 30 mins, washed, and will be stained.

Answer 34

Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE)

Question 35

A single-dimension electroimmunodiffusion and is an adaptation of RID

Answer 35

Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis (RIE)

Question 36

A single-dimension double electroimmunodiffusion and is a rapid version of ODD

Answer 36

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE/CIEP)

Question 37

initial binding, depends on the nature of antibody and the antigen-bearing surface. This is a reversible reaction

Answer 37

Sensitization

Question 38

governed by factors such as pH, ionic strength, and temperature

Answer 38

Lattice Formation

Question 39

Occurs when Ags are found naturally on a particle and Agglutination indicates the presence of patient antibodies (Widal test, ABO blood typing)

Answer 39

Direct Agglutination

Question 40

Particle coated Ag are NOT normally found on their surface (erythrocytes, latex, and gelatin) and Agglutination indicates the presence of patient antibodies (RF, Ab to Group A Streptococcus Ag, and Ab to viruses such as rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, rubella, and VZ)

Answer 40

Indirect/Passive Agglutination

Question 41

Ab rather than Ag is attached to a carrier particle and Agglutination indicates the presence of patient antigens (Rapid ID of Ag from infectious agents and detecting soluble Ag in urine, spinal fluid, and serum)

Answer 41

Reverse Passive Agglutination

Question 42

The use of synthetic beads or particles provides advantages of consistency and uniformity

Answer 42

Indirect/Passive Agglutination

Question 43

Particle coated Ag are NOT normally found on their surface

Answer 43

Reverse Passive Agglutination

Question 44

Particles compete with patient Ag for a limited number of Ab sites

Answer 44

Inhibition Agglutination

Question 45

Detection of illicit drugs such as cocaine or heroine

Answer 45

Inhibition Agglutination

Question 46

Lack of agglutination is a (+) reaction in Inhibition Agglutination indicates?

Answer 46

Presence of patient antigens

Question 47

Lack of agglutination is a (+) reaction in Hemagglutination Inhibition indicates?

Answer 47

Presence of patient antibodies

Question 48

RBCs are the indicator particles (Ab to certain viruses (rubella, influenza, RSV)

Answer 48

Hemagglutination Inhibition