Preconception

Question 1

when is the critical window?

Answer 1

first 100 days of life

Question 2

what is the critical window

Answer 2

brain development, healthy growth and a strong immune system

Question 3

what does maternal nutrition at the time of conception influence

Answer 3

placental development and function

Question 4

what is pre-conception

Answer 4

before (at least 2 years) and between consecutive pregnancies

Question 5

what does proximal mean

Answer 5

period immediately preceding pregnancy (up to 2 years)

Question 6

what does distal mean

Answer 6

adolescence or a longer time before pregnancy

Question 7

fetal genomic imprinting and programming are directly tied to …

Answer 7

child’s long term health
maternal periconception nutrition

Question 8

What is periconception

Answer 8

before, during and after conception
3 months before conception to up to the first trimester

Question 9

5 stages of periconceptional reproductive development

Answer 9

gametogenesis
fertilisation
implantation
embryogenesis
placentation

Question 10

how long may the periconceptional phase be considered in biological terms

Answer 10

5-6 months

Question 11

how long after conception are all the major organs in place?

Answer 11

4 weeks

Question 12

why is the female reproductive system more sensitive than a male

Answer 12

it is highest energy expenditure a woman will ever experience

Question 13

why do many animals breed in spring

Answer 13

to time conception that give offspring the greatest chance of survival when food and climatic conditions are favourable

Question 14

what are the short-term changes the reproductive functions are responsive to

Answer 14

Availability of calories
-likely to be signaled by leptin, insulin/glucose

Question 15

where is leptin secreted from

Answer 15

adipose tissue

Question 16

what are the long-term changes the reproductive functions are responsive to

Answer 16

inadequate BF- hypothalamic amenorrhea

Question 17

what % BF reductions causes menstruation to holt

Answer 17

10-15% decrease in normal BW

Question 18

what are the hormones related to hypothalamic amenorrhea

Answer 18

leptin, luteinising hormone and estradiol

Question 19

what is the critical level of BF required to trigger and sustain normal reproductive functions

Answer 19

BMI >20

Question 20

delays in the onset of menstruation and reduced fertility later in life are related to what

Answer 20

low BF in adolscense

Question 21

what happened during the dutch famine

Answer 21

acute starvation
-400-800kcal/day for 6 months

Question 22

Children of pregnant women exposed to the famine were more susceptible to ???

Answer 22

diabetes
obesity
CVD
microalbuminuria

Question 23

What is the one-carbon metabolic pathway about

Answer 23

donating a carbon methyl group to DNA

Question 24

high nutrient intakes can shift the OCM pathway

Answer 24

away from DNA synthesis and to methylation

Question 25

what did the study of the agouti mice show

Answer 25

that high levels of methyl donor supplementation decreased the risk of obesity, diabetes, and cancer

Question 26

what is the barker hypothesis

Answer 26

fetal undernutrition in middle to late gestation may cause disproportionate fetal growth and increased risk of CVD

Question 27

what is the thrifty phenotype hypothesis (related to what happens to a fetus during starvation)

Answer 27

the fetus reduces insulin secretion and increases peripheral insulin resistance to direct more glucose to the heart and brain

Question 28

what permanent change can a starved fetus undergo

Answer 28

glucose-insulin metabolism change

Question 29

what is the thrifty gene hypothesis

Answer 29

If obesity is no longer a survival advantage, reduced fertility in obese people may be natures intent

Question 30

what is the thrifty gene hypothesis?

Answer 30

If obesity is no longer a survival advantage, reduced fertility in obese people may be nature's intent

Question 31

what hormones do obese women tend to be higher in

Answer 31

estrogen, leptin and androgens

Question 32

How does obesity affect hormones in men

Answer 32

higher estrogen and leptin lower testosterone

Question 33

what physical affects does obesity have on men

Answer 33

reduced sperm production erectile dysfunciton

Question 34

What physical affects does obesity have on women

Answer 34

menstrual cycle irregularity, ovulatory failure and amenorrhea

Question 35

important nutrients during pregnancy

Answer 35

choline folate zinc iron Omega 3 B12 iodine multivitamins

Question 36

what is choline used for

Answer 36

brain development

Question 37

what is iodine used for

Answer 37

neurocognition

Question 38

what is zinc linked to

Answer 38

pre-term birth placental function

Question 39

what is B12 and omega 3 linked to

Answer 39

altered lipids metabolism

Question 40

three types of neural tube defects

Answer 40

spina bifida anencephaly encepholocele

Question 41

when does the neural tube develop

Answer 41

during the first 23 days

Question 42

what is the NZ advice regarding folic acid supplementation

Answer 42

4 weeks before 12 weeks after 800mcg daily

Question 43

what % of NZ woemn comply with folic acid reccomendations

Answer 43

33%

Question 44

ways to increase success of campaigns

Answer 44

identify group not yet reached make ads relevant include benefits of folic acid early in lives of reproductive age women

Question 45

What are the potential benefits of folic acid fortification

Answer 45

17 NTD reduction per year