preconception Flashcards

(38 cards)

1
Q

before pregnancy
pregnant
pregnant woman

A

pregravid
- before pregnancy
gravid- pregnant
gravida- pregnant woman

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2
Q

terms for # of baby
- first pregnancy
- who have been pregnant
2+ times

A

primigravida- during first pregnancy
multigravida- who have been pregnant 2+ times

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3
Q

pregravid/

A

before pregnancy / pregnancy

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4
Q

fertility

A

actual production of children

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5
Q

fecundity

A

capacity to bear children

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6
Q

infecundity

A

lack of conception after on year of unprotected sex

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7
Q

infertility

A

voluntary absence of production of children

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8
Q

sub fertility

A

decrease in level of fertility

over 12 months of conception or repeated early loss

ovulate infrequently

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9
Q

reason for infertility and fertility rate

A

1/3 male
1/3 female
1/3 combined factors

per 1000 child bearing age

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10
Q

miscarriage vs still birth

A

involuntary loss of fetus- within 20 weeks of pregnancy

still birth over 20 weeks

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11
Q

female reproductive phase: follicular phase

A
  • estrogen stimulates hypothalamus to secret GnRH- results
    in pituitary gland to release FSH (follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates egg mature) and LH
  • LH stimulates the release of the ovum and progesterone by the follicle
  • estrogena and progesterone prep uterus
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12
Q

female reproductive phase: luteal phase

A
  • after ovulation
  • follicle turns into corpus lute
  • corpus lute secrets progesterone and estrogen
  • decreases GnRH
  • decrease FSH, LH

*if egg not fertilized decrease in corpus lutem
- triggers menestration

  • if fertilized
    egg signals the corpus lute increase estrogen and progesterone
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13
Q

how do the female reproductive stages work

A

26-29 days
1st when flow begins
last 14 days luteal

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14
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles

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15
Q

risks of underweight pregnancy

A
  1. decrease in fertility
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16
Q

why is there a decrease in fertility if underweight

A
  • decreased body weight, decreased estrogen// hormones in body
  • shorter or absent leutal phase
17
Q

the female athlete triad causes…

A

** comes from not eating enough rather than intense exercise

amenorrhea
eating disorder
osteoporosis

  1. disordered eating
    - low body weight
    - inadequate caloric intake
  2. menstrual irregularities
    - low estrogen levels - low GnRH
  3. low bone mass
    - low
18
Q

why does female athlete triad cause low bone mass

A
  • low estrogen levels– cause less bone Ca retention
  • decrease bone density
  • increase risk of stunting and osteoporosis
19
Q

why are cigarettes a risk

A

nicotine and carbon monoxide enter baby bloodstream

carbon monooxide– reduce baby blood supply by 40%

nicotine-
narrow blood vessels in placenta
reduce oxygen and food supply

20
Q

how much caffeine can woman have

A

limit 300mg/d

21
Q

factors to infertility in woman

A
  • vegetarian diet
  • low fat intake
  • caffeine
  • iron
  • alcohol
22
Q

factors infertility in men

A

low iron
- decrease semen volume and sperm shape
- decrease testosterone levels

alcohol intake
smoking
- damage DNA in sperm

23
Q

what is hypogonadism

A

decrease penis development

24
Q

how does heavy metal exposure effect infertility

A

lead-
decrease testosterone and sperm production

mercury
- decrease sperm count

25
how does weight stats effect
underweight- more risks involved, risk small and early born overweight - risk in complicated pregnancy
26
risk vitamin a during pregnancy
excess vit a (retinol) - facial and heart abnormalities - teratogenic- cause cognitive abnormalities
27
high blood lead
metal retardation risk
28
iodine deficiency risk
- hypothyroidism (reduced metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain) - cause cretinism in baby (developmental delay, deafness, growth failure)
29
insufficient folate risk. how much such have. sources
- need folate first 21 days (problem many woman do not know they are pregnant at this time) - 46% decrease in neural tube defects if have adequate folate BEFORE pregnancy need 400 mg/d before pregnancy - legumes, brocoli, spinach, green peas, oranges, eggs, cantaloupe, whole wheat
30
two types of neural tube defect
- spina bifida - anencephaly
31
how can alcohol effect? what's the difference fetal alcohol effect and fetel alcohol syndrome)
Birth defects (fetal alcohol syndrome) - malformations - mental and behaviour abnormalities fetal alcohol effects (alcohol related neurodevelopment disorders) - mental and behaviour abnormalities - no malformations
32
if have uncontrolled dietetes
- excessive size - fetal malformations -dietbetes in offspring
33
recommendation of folate
before pre- 400 pregnancy- 600 lactation- 500
34
calcium recommendation
1000mg/d
35
iron recommendation
19-50-- 18mg/d preg-- 27mg/d lactation 9mg/d
36
oral contraceptives
- increase cholesterol - increase risk of venous thromboembolism - increase blood copper -- blood clot risk - risk cervical cancer - cardiovascular disease - decrease blood concentrations of vitamins (copper, folate, vitamin b12,b 6) **stoped three months before attempting pregnancy
37
contraceptive injections risk
- increase insulin and LDL - decrease HDL (decrease good and increase bad) - decrease bone density - fatigue, headaches and pain
38