preconception

Question 1

before pregnancy
pregnant
pregnant woman

Answer 1

pregravid
- before pregnancy
gravid- pregnant
gravida- pregnant woman

Question 2

terms for # of baby
- first pregnancy
- who have been pregnant
2+ times

Answer 2

primigravida- during first pregnancy
multigravida- who have been pregnant 2+ times

Question 3

pregravid/

Answer 3

before pregnancy / pregnancy

Question 4

fertility

Answer 4

actual production of children

Question 5

fecundity

Answer 5

capacity to bear children

Question 6

infecundity

Answer 6

lack of conception after on year of unprotected sex

Question 7

infertility

Answer 7

voluntary absence of production of children

Question 8

sub fertility

Answer 8

decrease in level of fertility

over 12 months of conception or repeated early loss

ovulate infrequently

Question 9

reason for infertility and fertility rate

Answer 9

1/3 male
1/3 female
1/3 combined factors

per 1000 child bearing age

Question 10

miscarriage vs still birth

Answer 10

involuntary loss of fetus- within 20 weeks of pregnancy

still birth over 20 weeks

Question 11

female reproductive phase: follicular phase

Answer 11

• estrogen stimulates hypothalamus to secret GnRH- results
  in pituitary gland to release FSH (follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates egg mature) and LH
• LH stimulates the release of the ovum and progesterone by the follicle
• estrogena and progesterone prep uterus

Question 12

female reproductive phase: luteal phase

Answer 12

• after ovulation
• follicle turns into corpus lute
• corpus lute secrets progesterone and estrogen
• decreases GnRH
• decrease FSH, LH

*if egg not fertilized decrease in corpus lutem
- triggers menestration

• if fertilized
  egg signals the corpus lute increase estrogen and progesterone

Question 13

how do the female reproductive stages work

Answer 13

26-29 days
1st when flow begins
last 14 days luteal

Question 14

amenorrhea

Answer 14

absence of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles

Question 15

risks of underweight pregnancy

Answer 15

1. decrease in fertility

Question 16

why is there a decrease in fertility if underweight

Answer 16

• decreased body weight, decreased estrogen// hormones in body
• shorter or absent leutal phase

Question 17

the female athlete triad causes…

Answer 17

** comes from not eating enough rather than intense exercise

amenorrhea
eating disorder
osteoporosis

1. disordered eating
   - low body weight
   - inadequate caloric intake
2. menstrual irregularities
   - low estrogen levels - low GnRH
3. low bone mass
   - low

Question 18

why does female athlete triad cause low bone mass

Answer 18

• low estrogen levels– cause less bone Ca retention
• decrease bone density
• increase risk of stunting and osteoporosis

Question 19

why are cigarettes a risk

Answer 19

nicotine and carbon monoxide enter baby bloodstream

carbon monooxide– reduce baby blood supply by 40%

nicotine-
narrow blood vessels in placenta
reduce oxygen and food supply

Question 20

how much caffeine can woman have

Answer 20

limit 300mg/d

Question 21

factors to infertility in woman

Answer 21

• vegetarian diet
• low fat intake
• caffeine
• iron
• alcohol

Question 22

factors infertility in men

Answer 22

low iron
- decrease semen volume and sperm shape
- decrease testosterone levels

alcohol intake
smoking
- damage DNA in sperm

Question 23

what is hypogonadism

Answer 23

decrease penis development

Question 24

how does heavy metal exposure effect infertility

Answer 24

lead-
decrease testosterone and sperm production

mercury
- decrease sperm count

Question 25

how does weight stats effect

Answer 25

underweight- more risks involved, risk small and early born overweight - risk in complicated pregnancy

Question 26

risk vitamin a during pregnancy

Answer 26

excess vit a (retinol) - facial and heart abnormalities - teratogenic- cause cognitive abnormalities

Question 27

high blood lead

Answer 27

metal retardation risk

Question 28

iodine deficiency risk

Answer 28

- hypothyroidism (reduced metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain) - cause cretinism in baby (developmental delay, deafness, growth failure)

Question 29

insufficient folate risk. how much such have. sources

Answer 29

- need folate first 21 days (problem many woman do not know they are pregnant at this time) - 46% decrease in neural tube defects if have adequate folate BEFORE pregnancy need 400 mg/d before pregnancy - legumes, brocoli, spinach, green peas, oranges, eggs, cantaloupe, whole wheat

Question 30

two types of neural tube defect

Answer 30

- spina bifida - anencephaly

Question 31

how can alcohol effect? what's the difference fetal alcohol effect and fetel alcohol syndrome)

Answer 31

Birth defects (fetal alcohol syndrome) - malformations - mental and behaviour abnormalities fetal alcohol effects (alcohol related neurodevelopment disorders) - mental and behaviour abnormalities - no malformations

Question 32

if have uncontrolled dietetes

Answer 32

- excessive size - fetal malformations -dietbetes in offspring

Question 33

recommendation of folate

Answer 33

before pre- 400 pregnancy- 600 lactation- 500

Question 34

calcium recommendation

Answer 34

1000mg/d

Question 35

iron recommendation

Answer 35

19-50-- 18mg/d preg-- 27mg/d lactation 9mg/d

Question 36

oral contraceptives

Answer 36

- increase cholesterol - increase risk of venous thromboembolism - increase blood copper -- blood clot risk - risk cervical cancer - cardiovascular disease - decrease blood concentrations of vitamins (copper, folate, vitamin b12,b 6) **stoped three months before attempting pregnancy

Question 37

contraceptive injections risk

Answer 37

- increase insulin and LDL - decrease HDL (decrease good and increase bad) - decrease bone density - fatigue, headaches and pain