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Lifecycle Nutrition > Preconception And Pregnancy > Flashcards

Preconception And Pregnancy Flashcards

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0
Q

How long to build back nutrition stores after pregnancy

A

1.5 yrs

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1
Q

Number of babies born in US that are WIC babies

A

54%

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2
Q

Why does preconception nutrition matter?

A
  • damage to body takes time to correct
  • folic acid, NTD - damage occurs in first few weeks often before the woman knows she is pregnant
  • body relies on nutrient stores and you can never eat enough during pregnancy to get needed nutrients - don’t absorb if you eat it all at once
  • poor nutrition may prevent pregnancy
  • mom’s body will ensure her survival, not baby’s
  • body will terminate pregnancy if not enough nutrients
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3
Q

Number of follicles that mature each month

A

6-14

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4
Q

Hormones that the follicles produce to tell the endometrium to thicken

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

Why the endometrium thickens

A

Store glycogen to get ready for egg to implant

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6
Q

What happens in first 14 days of menstrual cycle

A

Follicles continue to mature, grow normally, then one follicle moves to edge of ovary and spits out an ovum

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7
Q

What happens to the one follicle after ovulation

A

Becomes corpus luteum, keeps producing estrogen and progesterone to thicken endometrium

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8
Q

How long for egg to implant once fertilized

A

8-10 days

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9
Q

Hormone that tells corpus luteum to keep making estrogen and progesterone - if not sent then corpus luteum dies

A

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

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10
Q

What happens to endometrium if no fertilization and thus no hCG

A

Menses

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11
Q

First 14 days of menstrual cycle called

A

Follicular phase

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12
Q

Last 14 days of menstrual cycle called

A

Luteal phase

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13
Q

Why corpus luteum is yellow

A

Contains cholesterol

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14
Q

What corpus luteum is called after it dies

A

Corpus albicans (white body)

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15
Q

After fertilization, when does the corpus luteum involute (go away)

A

When the placenta gets big enough to take over controlling the hormones estrogen and progesterone (after about 2 months)

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16
Q

What controls the menstrual cycle

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

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17
Q

What hormone starts menstrual cycle, where produced, and what does it do

A

GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone - made by hypothalamus - goes to the pituitary and tells it to release FSH and LH

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18
Q

What is FSH and what does it do

A

Follicle stimulating hormone - released from the pituitary, goe to the ovaries and tells them to mature follicles and tells the follicles to make estrogen

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19
Q

What is LH and what does it do

A

Luteinizing hormone - produced by pituitary, tells maturing follicle to make progesterone

At 14 days there is an LH surge that tells follicle to spit out egg

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20
Q

Role of GnRH, FSH and LH in men

A

Go to testes and tells sperm to make testosterone and other androgens

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21
Q

How long for sperm to mature

A

70-80 days

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22
Q

Where does sperm mature

A

Testes

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23
Q

Where does sperm go after mature

A

Epididymis

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24
Semen consists of
Sperm, fluid from prostate and seminal vesicle
25
Another name for accessory gland
Bulburethra gland
26
Energy that sperm use to move comes from
Fructose
27
How long can sperm and ovum live
Sperm 6-7 days Egg 1 day unless fertilized
28
When is a woman fertile
5 days before ovulatin to 1 day after ovulation - because of life span of sperm/egg
29
Fertility (scientific def)
Number of children you produce, regardless of if you are capable
30
Fecundity
Capability of producing children
31
Infecund
If you have not had children for one year and have been having unprotected sex
32
Subfertility
If it takes18 months to have a child with unprotected sex
33
Miscarriage aka spontaneous abortion
Body ends pregnancy from conception up to 20 weeks (40 week scale)
34
Stillbirth
Body ends pregnancy after 20 weeks
35
Menarche
Date of first period In 1800s - 14.2 yrs Now - 12 yrs
36
Spermarche
Male becomes capable of impregnating female
37
Percent decrease in body weight when fertility drops
10-15% - ovulation stops even if having cycles Unless obese women - lose 10-15% and more likely to get pregnant
38
Hypothalamic amenorrhea
Any time a women is not having menses due to poor nutrition - used to be called starvation amenorrhea - hypothalamus stops producing GnRH
39
BMI below which women have problems with reproduction
20
40
Effect of weight loss on male reproduction
10-15% - decreased sperm motility | 25% - stopped producing sperm
41
When men and women with BMI > 30 have trouble reproducing
Women - fat cells produce hormones - will have too much estrogen - irregular cycles Men - sperm temp too high
42
Nutrients that may affect reproduction
- Antioxidants - vit E, vit C, beta carotene, selenium: fight free radicals that harm egg/sperm (maybe) - zinc - semen are high in zinc and men infertile without - whole grains w/o yeast - can't utilize zinc - vegan diet - hard to get pregnant - soy - phytochemicals (isoflavinoids) change menstrual cycle b/c mimic estrogen - folate - NTD and low folate damages sperm - iron - hard to get pregnant with low iron - caffeine - don't know - alcohol - decreases fertility
43
% of women that are iron deficient % low iron
9-16% deficient Another 14% low
44
1-5 drinks per week decrease fertility this % 10 drinks decrease fertility what %
39% 60%
45
Test that will tell if you need an iron supplement
Serum ferritin - directly relates to amount of iron in body
46
Heavy metal exposure that can effect fertility in men and women/change genes
``` Lead Cadmium Molybdenum Manganese Boron Cobalt Copper Nickel Silver Tin ```
47
Diseases/conditions that affect fertility
Polycystic ovary syndrome - 5-10% women in US Celiac disease - 1:133 people, 3x more common in women - subfertility Diabetes - out of control diabetes causes infertility
48
Treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome
1) Lose weight - 10-15% may start ovulation 2) exercise regularly - helps with weight and insulin resistance 3) drugs - metformin for insulin resistance 4) lean protein, whole grain, fruits/veg, regular meals, fiber, adequate D
49
Celiac disease aka
Nontropical sprue, GSE (gluten sensitive entropathy)
50
Un intended pregnancy definition
Did not want to get pregnant at all or did not want to get pregnant now. If you don't care, it is intended
51
Percent of pregnancies that were unintended
49% | 2006 gov data
52
Stats on babies born to single women
1960 - 5% 2006 - 40.7% Iceland - 67% Unmarried women with babies have the greatest poverty
53
Trends for unintended pregnancy
Biggest increase in 19-24 yr olds Teen pregnancy dropping Greater incidence for the poor and those cohabitating
54
Total fertility rate def
Number of babies born to all women in society Replacement rate is every woman must have 2.1 Right now US total fertility rate is 1.86
55
Crude fertility rate
Number of children born per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 In US 62.9/1000
56
Premenstrual syndrome affects % of women
15-25% of women
57
Premenstrual syndrome def
Must occur within last 5 days of cycle and disappear within 2 days of menses Must have 1 symptom for 3 consec cycles Must affect your life
58
PMS symptoms
Physical - cramps, bloating, fatigue, tender breasts, headache, body ache, nausea Psychological - irritability, anger, tension, depression, mood swings, anxiety, social withdrawal
59
Postmenstrual dysphoric disorder def
5 or more symptoms 3 consecutive cycles Significant effects on life - ie, destroying work or family
60
Treatment for PMS
Estrogen patches Birth control pills Seratonin re uptake inhibitors Ca supplements - 1200 mg B6 - pyridoxine supplements - 100 mg UL Chasteberry
61
NIH recommendations for PMS
``` 30 min excercise 8 hrs sleep Relax/avoid stress Diet high in complex carbs Reduce salt/fat/sugar Avoid caffeine/alcohol Don't smoke 6 small meals Mg suppl Vit E suppl ```
62
Prater-willy syndrome
Don't get the signal that you are full and cannot stop eating - will eat nonfood ``` Short stature Tiny arms/legs Excellent spatial memory Low IQ Pick at skin High pain tolerance Infertile ```
63
Best indicator of health of baby
Weight gain during pregnancy
64
Weight before pregnancy called
Pregravid weight
65
Weight gain recommendations for pregnancy
Normal BMI - 25-35 lbs Underweight - 28-40 lbs Overweight BMI - 15-25 lbs Obese - 11-20 lbs Twins - 25-54 lbs
66
Another term for due date
Expected date of confinement - EDC
67
Gracie, gravida
Number of pregnancies regardless of outcome
68
Parity
How many births - nulliparis, primiparis, multiparis
69
Perinatal def
Around birth From 20 weeks of gestation to 7 days after birth
70
Neonatal
28 days after birth
71
Infant
Birth to 1st b-day
72
LBW
Less than 2500 g (5.5 lbs)
73
VLBW
Less than 1500 g (3 lbs, 4 oz)
74
Premature, preterm
Less than 37 weeks (based on 40)
75
SGA
Less than 10th percentile
76
AGA
Between 10 and 90th percentile
77
LGA
Over 90th percentile | > 10 lbs, 4800 g
78
dSGA, pSGA
Disproportionate, proportionate
79
Infant mortality rate
Death during the first year for infants out of 1000 live births US rate 6.17
80
Maternal mortality rate
Number of deaths of women related to pregnancy or birth per 100,000 live births US = 21
81
What hormone interferes with insulin and allows glucose to cross placenta to baby
hCS - human chorionic somatotropin
82
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells
83
Hyper trophy
Cells getting larger

Lifecycle Nutrition (4 decks)

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