predation

Question 1

define predation

Answer 1

the consumption of one organism by another in which the prey is alive and attacked by the predatory

Question 2

how doesw predation demonstrate exploitation

Answer 2

one organism benefits by feeding on and directly harming another

Question 3

what are the taxanomic classifications of predators

Answer 3

1) carnivores
2) herbivores
3) omnivores

Question 4

what are the functional classifications of predators

Answer 4

1) true predators
2) grazers
3) parasitoids
4) parasites

Question 5

what is a true predator

Answer 5

individuals which kill prey immedielty after an attack and may kill and consume different prey types

Question 6

what are grazers

Answer 6

individuals which attack large amounts of prey but only remove a part of each prey individual
they are harmful but rarley lethal

Question 7

what are parasites

Answer 7

individuals which consume parts of their prey which causes harm but is rarley lethal in the short term- only has a few hosts in a life tyime

Question 8

what is a parasitoid

Answer 8

a group of insects where free living adults lay eggs in or on other insects and the larvae live within the host until they emerge and destory it

Question 9

outline some characteristics of true predators

Answer 9

• broad diet
• may forage in search of food
• others sit and wait then strike

Question 10

outline how some true predator diets may differ as a result of the abundance of a prey species

Answer 10

some species when faced with two kinds of prey go for the prey which is most abundant causing them to often switch bewteen prey type

Question 11

why might a true predator switch from one prey to another

Answer 11

• forms a search imagae of the most common type of prey and orientates towards that prey
• learning enables increased efficiency at capture

Question 12

what are some traits of herbivores

Answer 12

• mostly small insects
• mostly specialsied to one plant part
• narrow range of plant species

Question 13

outline how predation is an arms race

Answer 13

within a few million years of the presence of predators, prey evolved defences due to selection pressures, as a result predators must evolve to overcome the defences

Question 14

how have plant prey species evolved to avoid predation

Answer 14

1) avoidance
2) tolerance
3) defences

Question 15

what is avoidance

Answer 15

where plants have evloved to avoid predators such as by producing large amounts of seeds or hiding

Question 16

what is tolerance

Answer 16

where plants have evloved to compensate as a result of predatino such as the removal of tissue stimulating new growth

Question 17

what are defences

Answer 17

plants have evolved an array of structural defences such as spines and thorns or the production of secondary compunds

Question 18

what are the two induced defences produced by the tobbacco plant

Answer 18

1) toxic secondary compounds which directly deter herbivores
2) compounds which indireclty deter by attarcting predators

Question 19

outline some ways predators may over come evolved defences shown by prey

Answer 19

1) subdue with poisions
2) mimcry to avoid presence being known
3) tolerance for chemical defences

Question 20

what is a saprotroph

Answer 20

an organisms which makes use of dead organic matter and dont control the rate of availability of resources

Question 21

what are the two types of saprotroph

Answer 21

1) decomposers
2) detrivores

Question 22

what is a decomposer

Answer 22

individuals which break down dead matter e.g. plants or animal waste and release energy and mineral nutrents

Question 23

what are detrivores

Answer 23

individuals which consume dead matter