predicted 2025 Flashcards
(36 cards)
all ao1 reliability - schizophrenia
reliability - the consistency of a measuring tool or other tests used in diagnosis
test-retest reliability - doctors must be able to reach the same conclusions about a patients diagnosis
inter-rater reliability - the extent to which different assessors agree on their assessments
the DSM and other tools must enable inter-rater reliability
reliability cultural differences paragraph
lurhman et al found that experiences of hearing voices differs from cross cultures
for example individuals in the united states often descirbe hearing voices ad distressing and symptoms of mental illness
where as in ghana and india people more commonly interpret them as positive or spiritual experiences
this highlights how cultural context shapes the perception of symptoms like auditory hallucinations
these cultural variations highlight how clinicians might misinterpret culturally normative experiences as symptoms of schizophrenia undermining the reliability of diagnosis across cultural groups
issue and debate a03 reliability and validity - rosenhan
rosenhan sent 8 pseudopatients to various psychiatric hospitals where they feigned hearing voices saying empty hollow or thud
after admission they acted normally and recorded their experiences
reliability - lack of it because different hospitals gave inconsistent diagnosis (schizo or bipolar) to pseudopatients exhibiting the same fabricated symptoms
validity problem - suggests a diagnosis of schizo may lack validity because psychiatrists misdiagnosed healthy individuals as having schizo demonstrating that the diagnosis did not accurately reflect the presence of a genuine disorder
validity ao1 - schizo
validity - extent to which the classification of schizo is a true reflection of the illness the patient is suffering from thus focusing on how accurate and meaningful it is
gender bias may prevent schizo from being valid because diagnosis criteria and interpretations often reflect stereotypical male experiences leading to underdiagnoses or misdiagnosis in females whose symptoms may present differently.
secondly clinicians may base their judgment on stereotypical beliefs held about gender which may affect how they apply the criteria
ao3 gender validity schizo
loring powell asked 290 male and female psychiatrists to read two case vignettes of patients behaviour and to make decisions about diagnosis based on standard diagnostic criteria.
they found that 56% psychiatrists gave a diagnosis of schizo when described as female. this suggests that the gender of the patient changes the diagnosis given which reduces the validity of diagnosis given
ao1 diathesis stress model
example of interactionist approach
sees schizo as being a result of combination of environmental and biological influences
diathesis - research into twins has shown us that schizo has a genetic compound that the Mz twins have higher concordance rate than Dz twins. however about 50% identical twins has schizo and the other does not so there must be enviro factors
stress - stressors can come in many forms eg childhood trauma or stresses of urbanised living - the environment is shown to be not the cause but combined with genetic risk may become a trigger
lucrose et al found children who experienced severe trauma before the age of 16 where 3x more likely to develop schizophrenia than the general population
interactionist treatment - involves antipsychotic medication and psych therapy eg antipsychotics and CBT to help patients challenge delusions and improve functioning
ao3 diathesis stress model - tienari et al
studied 303 finnish adoptees. some had biological mothers with schizo while others did not. the adoptee families where assessed for family dysfunctions
results shows that genetic risk alone did not predict schizo but adoptees with both genetic predisposition and a dysfunctional family environment where significantly more likely to develop the disorder
this supports the diathesis stress model suggesting that schizophrenia is caused by genetic vulnerability and environmental stress as a healthy environment reduced the risk of those with genetic susceptibility
strength of diathesis stress model - ao3
it acknowledges the complexity for schizo which is unlikely to be cause by a single factor. this holistic view is more comprehensive then purely biological or psychological explanations
however despite its integrative nature the model can be criticized for potentially oversimplifying the complex interplay of factors involved in schizo. there are many elements that cannot be fully comprehended by the model. therefore the application of the interactionist approach should be viewed with caution
nature vs nature - ao3 diathesis stress model
polmin et al have suggested the idea of passive influence in which genetic influence on potential behaviour create a particular environment in which their children are raised eg parents with a genetically influenced mental illness may create an unsettling home environment
this suggests disorders like schizophrenia may be the result of indirect influence.
furthermore those ideas also demonstrate the possible interaction between nature and nurture and demonstrate that nature can actually effect nurture
a01 token economy
this is form of behaviour therapy based on the principle of operant conditioning
quality of life - token economies enhance patients daily experiences by reinforcing positive behaviours with tangible rewards increasing motivation etc
normalising behaviour - encourages socially acceptable actions through reward. help patients develop habits that align with the real world
primary reinforcers - rewards that directly satisfy a biological or social need eg sweets magazines etc
secondary reinforcers - are rewards with no inherent value but gain meaning through association with primary reinforcers. they gain tokens which can then be traded for a reward
issue with token economy - schizo
they are difficult to continue once a person is outside a hospital setting. this is because target behaviours cannot be monitored closely and tokens cannot be administered immediately
however on the other hand some people with schizophrenia may only get the chance to live outside a hospital if their personal care and social interaction can be improved and perhaps the best way to achieve this is using a token economy during hospital care
issue and debate token economy
in TE patients do not consent to take part and cannot withdraw themselves from the procedure.
additionally patients have personal properties and basic comfort and freedom of choice of treatment constrained during the process therefore it seems to many that TE reduces its patients to lab rate =s in a behaviourist experiment.
the procedure therefore has been criticised for its ethical issues and therefore should be viewed with caution
culture bias ao1
culture bias - tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all behaviours through the norms of your own culture
ethnocentrism - belief in the superiority of your own culture
emic - behavioural constructs particularly to a specific culture
etic - behavioural constructs that are universal to all people
imposed etic - when emics and etics are mistaken for one another
cultural relativism - idea that norms and values can only be meaningful and understood within specific social and cultural contexts
ethnocentrism - cultural relativism
anisworths strange situations
use of inappropratie neg lang makes the norms of other cultres seem deficient compared to secure
not appropraite for assessing non uk or us children populations ]
cultural differences in child rearing styles make results liable to misrepresentation eg Japanese’s samples - taskahasi had to stop study for 90% of children beacuse of how exetreme there anxiety became
cultural bias - ao3
co chrane found that african Caribbean immigrants where 7x more likely to be diagnosed with a mental illness
12x more likely for schizo
this leads us to question the validity of the DSM / ICD for diagnosing people who are born outside the culture they where created in
does this mean that DSM / ICD are ethnocentric and mental illness is not a universally agreed concept eg anorexia / brain fog
individualist / collectivist cultures
ind - value personal freedom and independence
coll - value interdependence and group needs
therefore these cultures are not comparable in terms of origins of behaviours. this causes a ethnocentric bias or etic to be imposed leading to compromised validity of any theory construction
however
the distinction between the two cultures may no longer apply due to increasing global and social media
the lines betweent he two are becoming blurred and tayano and osaka found no evidence between the two in there behaviour so the issue will therefore be reduced
ao1 idiographic and nomothetic
the debate concerns whether psychology should aim to produce generalisations which people can be compared or measured or whether it should hold the belief that all people are unique
nomothetic - quantitative study of large groups with the aim of discovering universal principles or laws of behaviour to be generalised to the population eg Zimbardo’s study
idiogrpahic - a detailed qualitative study of one individual or small group to provide an indepth understanding od behaviour eg clive wearing
strengths and limataions of idiogrpahic approach
strength - in depth qualitative method of investigation provides a complete account of an individual. it can also work well with a normal nomothetic approach demonstrating the general laws and adding understanding and detailed of experience or can challenge them
offers only a narrow and restricted view of behaviour no meaningful generalisations can / should be made without further validation. relies on the subjective interpretation of the research - which adds bias in conclusions
strengths and weakness of nomothetic approach
strentgh - a more scientific apprach used so data can be analysed quantitatively and tested under standardised empricial methods sych processes have enabled psychologists to establish norms of typical behaviour giving psychology greater significance
accused of losing the whole person eg knowing the=at there is only 1% risk of developing schizo tells us very little about what life is like for someone who is suffering from it. not only this but patients subjective experiences are completely ignored
interactionist stance - non and id
as there are strengths and weaknesses of both sides of the debate a more valid approach would be to take an interactionist stance eg memory models - general laws with support underpinned by cause study evidence eg clive wearing. any theories that do not take an interactionist stance can be seen as an limited explanation
ao1 self disclosure
this is the information we choose to reveal about ourselves within a romantic relationship. this aim is to increase intimacy, understanding between two individuals.
social penetration theory - suggests that the process of self - disclosure allows are person to penetrate deeper into the life of their partner. therefore increasing trust and intimacy
breadth and depth - the breadth is the number of topics discussed between individuals and the depth is the level of intimacy in the conversation between individuals
high levels of breadth will result in low levels of depth
reciprocity is also important as partners have to respond in a rewarding way for disclosure to happen and deepen the intimacy of a relationship
reaeeach support - self disclosure
laurenceau et al - they asked pps to write daily dairy entries about progress in their relationship and found that self - disclosure and perception of disclosure in a partner led to greater feelings of intimacy in a couple the reverse was true as well - couples who complained about lack of intimacy self disclosed often
nomothetic vs idiographic - self disclosure
social peneytration theroy is unable to explain all types of relationships as it is limited in taking a nomotheitc apprach
this theroy ignores many other fators that can influence relationships sych as cultural practices and personality
futhermore by reducing relationship satisfaction to a single factor means that social penetartion theory ignores other factors of romantic attraction eg pshyscal attractuveness
this usggest that reseach could benefit by using an idiogrpahic apprach htat studies couples unique experiences in detail rather than trying to establish a set of laws that apply to all couples
cultural differences - self disclosure
SPT was developed based on research in a western individualist culture so it may not apply to collectivist cultures
eg rang et al found that men abd women in the usa tended to disclose more sexual thoughts and d=feelings than romatic partners in china
however the level of relationship satisfaction was high in both cultures
this shows that slef disclosure is not a requirement for successful relationships in all cultures making social penetration theory culturally biased
