prefinal

Question 1

These are events or circumstances involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interfere with desired health outcomes.

Answer 1

Medication-related problems (MRPs)

Question 2

The patient has a medical condition that requires medication but is not receiving appropriate treatment.

Answer 2

Untreated Indications

Question 3

The prescribed medication is not the most appropriate choice for the patient’s condition.

Answer 3

Improper Drug Selection

Question 4

The prescribed dosage is too low to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

Answer 4

Subtherapeutic Dosage

Question 5

The prescribed dosage is too high, increasing the risk of adverse effects.

Answer 5

Overdosage

Question 6

The patient does not receive the prescribed medication.

Answer 6

Failure to receive medication

Question 7

An unintended, undesirable, and often harmful effect of a medication.

Answer 7

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

Question 8

The interaction between two or more drugs that can alter the efficacy or safety of one or both drugs.

Answer 8

Drug Interaction

Question 9

A patient is taking a medication for which there is no medical need.

Answer 9

Drug Use Without Indication

Question 10

Immature organ systems, dosing challenges

Answer 10

Age (Pediatrics)

Question 11

Polypharmacy, altered pharmacokinetics, cognitive impairment

Answer 11

Age (Geriatrics)

Question 12

Hormonal differences affecting drug metabolism and response

Answer 12

Gender

Question 13

Genetic polymorphisms influencing drug metabolism and response

Answer 13

Genetics

Question 14

Multiple chronic conditions increasing the risk of drug interactions and adverse
effects

Answer 14

Comorbidities

Question 15

Lack of understanding, forgetfulness, or intentional non-adherence

Answer 15

Non-Adherence

Question 16

Incorrect dosage, frequency, or duration of therapy

Answer 16

Prescribing Error

Question 17

Failure to consider drug interactions or contraindications

Answer 17

Prescribing Error

Question 18

Poor communication between healthcare providers

Answer 18

Communication error

Question 19

Inadequate Patient Education

Answer 19

Communication error

Question 20

Insufficient understanding of drug therapy guidelines and evidence-based
practices

Answer 20

Lack of Knowledge

Question 21

It refers to the use of multiple medications by a patient, typically defined as the regular use of five or more medications.

Answer 21

Polypharmacy

Question 22

Increased risk of drug interactions and adverse effects

Answer 22

Polypharmacy

Question 23

Difficult to remember and manage

Answer 23

Complex Drug Regimen

Question 24

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions

Answer 24

Drug Interactions

Question 25

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions

Answer 25

Drug Interactions

Question 26

Unintended side effects of medications

Answer 26

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

Question 27

Lack of communication between healthcare providers

Answer 27

Poorly Coordinated Care

Question 28

Difficulty accessing healthcare services, especially in rural or underserved areas

Answer 28

Limited Access to Care

Question 29

High cost of medications, leading to non-adherence

Answer 29

Economic Factors

Question 30

Disruptions in medication supply and potential for therapeutic failures

Answer 30

Medication Shortages

Question 31

It is any undesirable or harmful effect that occurs after the administration of a medication at normal doses used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy.

Answer 31

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

Question 32

Key Characteristics of ADRs:

Answer 32

1. Unintended and Harmful Effects 2. Dose-Related or Non-Dose-Related 3. Time-Dependent

Question 33

ADRs can occur immediately after taking the drug or after prolonged use, and can range from immediate reactions (e.g., allergic reactions) to delayed reactions (e.g., drug-induced liver toxicity).

Answer 33

Time-Dependent

Question 34

They may occur with the usual dose or as a result of an overdose, but can also occur at therapeutic levels, depending on individual sensitivity.

Answer 34

Dose-Related or Non-Dose-Related

Question 35

ADRs are not part of the intended therapeutic action of the drug

Answer 35

Unintended and Harmful Effects

Question 36

These are dose-dependent reactions that are related to the pharmacological action of the drug.

Answer 36

Type A: Augmented

Question 37

This reactions are more predictable and are often associated with well-known side effects of the drug.

Answer 37

Type A: Augmented

Question 38

These are idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and not dose-dependent. They often result from the individual’s unique genetic or immune system factors, such as allergies or sensitivities.

Answer 38

Type B: Bizzare

Question 39

Related to long-term drug use or chronic exposure (e.g., corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis & Chronic renal failure from long term use of NSAID).

Answer 39

Type C: Chronic

Question 40

Delayed adverse drug effects, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity (ex. Teratogenic effect of chemotherapeutic agent

Answer 40

Type D: Delayed

Question 41

Occurs after the drug is discontinued (e.g., withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepines).

Answer 41

Type E: End-Of-Treatment

Question 42

Occurs when the drug fails to provide the expected therapeutic effect (e.g., drug resistance, such as with antibiotics).

Answer 42

Type F: Failure

Question 43

Factors Affecting ADRs

Answer 43

- Patient-related factors (age, genetics, comorbidities) - Drug-related factors (dosage, route of administration, formulation) - Environmental factors (temperature, humidity)

Question 44

The science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem.

Answer 44

Pharmacovigilance

Question 45

intended pharmacological actions that are unwanted

Answer 45

side effects

Question 46

harmful effects that occur at higher than therapeutic doses or due to an individual’s vulnerability

Answer 46

toxicity