PREFINALS - REVIEWER Flashcards
(23 cards)
are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are essential for life and play a variety of roles in living organisms.
Carbohydrates
What are the three functions of carbohydrates
o Energy source: Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the body.
o Structural component of cells: Carbohydrates form the cell walls of plants and the exoskeletons of insects.
o Cell signaling: Carbohydrates are involved in cell recognition and communication.
The simplest form of carbohydrates, containing a single sugar unit. Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose.
Monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond. Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose.
Disaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds. Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Polysaccharides
o Typically have a ring structure with a carbon backbone and several hydroxyl groups
Monosaccharide Structure
The position of the _______determines whether the monosaccharide is alpha or beta.
hydroxyl group on carbon 1
Formed by the dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides
Disaccharide Structure
The _____ links the two monosaccharides.
glycosidic bond
this structure can be linear or branched.
Polysaccharide Structure
The type of __________and the ___________determine the properties of the polysaccharide.
glycosidic bond
arrangement of the monosaccharides
What are the four important carbohydrates
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
A storage polysaccharide found in plants. Composed of amylose and amylopectin.
Starch
A storage polysaccharide found in animals. Highly branched.
Glycogen
A structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. Provides strength and support
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of insects and the cell walls of fungi. Provides strength and support.
Chitin
The process of breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars by adding water.
Hydrolysis
The process of building up carbohydrates from simpler sugars by removing water.
Dehydration synthesis
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
Glycolysis
A hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels.
Insulin
A condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.
Diabetes
A condition characterized by low blood sugar levels
Hypoglycemia
The main source of carbohydrates in a typical human diet includes fruits, vegetables, and grains.
Dietary Carbohydrates
