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Ngozi's Family Health > Pregnancy I > Flashcards

Pregnancy I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Skene duct?

A

Lubrication and antimicrobial properties

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2
Q

What happens to the Bartholin duct opening during arousal?

A

It swells

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3
Q

Where is the perineum located?

A

Between vagina and anus

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4
Q

When might the perineum need to be cut or tear?

A

During labor

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5
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Hollow organ farthest from cervix

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6
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Helps keep the baby in the uterus

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7
Q

What is the size of the cervix?

A

About 2-3 cm

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8
Q

How does the cervix feel under normal conditions?

A

Elasticity of nose

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9
Q

Describe the external os.

A

Round

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10
Q

How does the external os change after pregnancy?

A

Smiley face shape

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11
Q

Where is the uterus located?

A

Behind the bladder

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12
Q

What can happen if the bladder is too full during childbirth?

A

Baby can’t come down

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13
Q

What can happen postpartum if the bladder is too full?

A

Fundus cannot come back down

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14
Q

What are the two types of influences on childbearing?

A

Hereditary and Environmental

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15
Q

What is a genetic counselor?

A

A professional who provides guidance and support on genetic disorders and inherited conditions.

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16
Q

What are autosomal dominant traits?

A

Expressed by dominant gene on a non-sex chromosome

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17
Q

What is the chance of passing on an autosomal dominant trait to a child?

A

50%

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18
Q

Give examples of autosomal dominant traits.

A

Huntington’s disease, neurofibromatosis

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19
Q

What are autosomal recessive traits?

A

Expressed if a person receives two copies of a recessive gene

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20
Q

Name some examples of autosomal recessive diseases.

A

Tay-Sachs, sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, PKU

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21
Q

Need two carriers for the trait to be expressed in an autosomal recessive trait t/f

A

TRUE

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22
Q

What are some examples of autosomal recessive disorders?

A

PKU, Tay Sachs, Sickle cell

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23
Q

What is the chance of gene expression when both parents are carriers of an autosomal recessive trait?

A

1/4 or 25%

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24
Q

What is the chance of not having the disease when both parents are carriers?

A

25%

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25
Q

What is the chance of being a carrier for the gene when both parents are carriers?

A

50%

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26
Q

What are X-Linked traits?

A

Males usually affected, females carriers

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27
Q

Give examples of X-Linked traits.

A

Color blindness, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, hemophilia A, Turner syndrome

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28
Q

What are some common symptoms of Turner syndrome?

A

Less fertility, barrel chest, altered appearance

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29
Q

How is X-linked inheritance different from other types with inheritance?

A

Dads don’t pass it on to sons

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30
Q

What is a trisomy?

A

Extra copy of a chromosome

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31
Q

What is monosomy?

A

Missing a chromosome

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32
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

One or more extra sets of chromosomes

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33
Q

What are structural chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Missing, added, or rearranged part of a chromosome

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34
Q

What is a possible cause of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester?

A

Polyploidy

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35
Q

Which gender is fragile X syndrome more commonly seen in?

A

Males

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36
Q

What is an example of Monosomy?

A

Turner syndrome

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37
Q

What is an example of a structural abnormality?

A

Fragile X syndrome

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38
Q

Substances that can cause abnormalities in fetal development

A

teratogens

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39
Q

What are the effects of teratogens in embryonic development?

A

Abnormalities in organ development, growth, and function

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40
Q

What can teratogens lead to?

A

Birth defects or developmental disabilities

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41
Q

When do teratogens have the most impact?

A

During the first trimester of pregnancy

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42
Q

Name three examples of teratogens mentioned in the text.

A

Psych meds, alcohol, tobacco

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43
Q

What are some teratogens that can influence the environment?

A

Alcohol, Aminoglycosides, Anticonvulsant agents, Antihyperlipidemic agents (statins), Antineoplastic agents, Antithyroid drugs, Cocaine, Diethylstilbestrol (DES), Folic acid antagonists, Lithium, Mercury, Retinoic acid, Tetracycline, Tobacco, Warfarin

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44
Q

What are some infections that can influence the environment as teratogens?

A

Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, HIV, Parvo, Rubella, Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Varicella, Zika

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45
Q

What should you do if someone has chicken pox?

A

Keep them away from babies less than 1 year and pregnant moms.

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46
Q

What is one role of the nurse in genetic counseling?

A

Recognize need for genetic counseling and gather medical history. provide education & emotional support.

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47
Q

What should you consider when talking to moms?

A

Family history, medical history, risk factors (teratogens)

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48
Q

Why are hot tubs bad for babies and what is the limit?

A

Too much heat can be bad, no more than 10 minutes for sure, preferably not at all though.

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49
Q

What should all pregnant women take?

A

Folic acid

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50
Q

What is the process of fertilization?

A

Sperm and ovum unite to form a zygote.

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51
Q

What is the lining of the uterus called during pregnancy?

A

Decidua.

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52
Q

What hormone is secreted by the zygote?

A

hCG.

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53
Q

What can occur around week 2 of pregnancy after implantation?

A

Spotting.

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54
Q

What is the process of implantation?

A

Zygote enters uterus and implants in the fundus in the uterus

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55
Q

What happens during the preembryonic period? and how long does it last?

A

Inner part of zygote develops into fetus and outer part develops into the placenta. two weeks.

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56
Q

What hormone stimulates estrogen and progesterone and protects pregnancy?

A

HcG. will protect the pregnancy until the placenta takes over in a few weeks.

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57
Q

What can implantation cause?

A

Spotting or small bleeding, which can be confused for a light period —they think theyre not pregnant

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58
Q

What happens during the embryonic period?

A

Development of the central nervous system (CNS)

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59
Q

What happens during week 3 of the embryonic period?

A

CNS develops

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60
Q

What happens during week 4 of the embryonic period?

A

Neural tube closes

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61
Q

What happens during week 5 of the embryonic period?

A

Heart begins to beat

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62
Q

What is the importance of folic acid?

A

Prevents spina bifida

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63
Q

When does the heartbeat begin?

A

5th week

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64
Q

What happens during Week 6 of the embryonic period?

A

Upper and lower extremities are defined

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65
Q

What happens during Week 7 of the embryonic period?

A

Face more human looking

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66
Q

What happens during Week 8 of the embryonic period?

A

Well-defined fingers & toes, external genitalia begins to differentiate

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67
Q

At what week does external genitalia begin to differentiate?

A

Week 8

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68
Q

What happens during the fetal period?

A

Fetal movements, urine production, gender determination

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69
Q

What happens during weeks 9-12 of the fetal period?

A

Fetal movements, urine production, gender determination

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70
Q

What happens during weeks 13-16 of the fetal period?

A

Rapid body growth

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71
Q

What happens during weeks 17-20 of the fetal period?

A

Increased fluttering movements, development of eyebrows, head hair, lanugo, and vernix

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72
Q

When does the first trimester end?

A

12th week

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73
Q

At what week does the baby close its eyes?

A

9 weeks

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74
Q

When will the baby open its eyes again?

A

26 weeks

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75
Q

What happens during weeks 21-24 of the fetal period?

A

Little subcut fat, red and translucent skin, surfactant barely produced, can survive - ICU babies

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76
Q

What happens during weeks 25-28 of the fetal period?

A

Plumper, eyes open, rotates to head down position

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77
Q

What happens during weeks 29-32 of the fetal period?

A

Toenails & fingernails & skin pigmentation

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78
Q

What happens during weeks 33-38 of the fetal period?

A

Mainly gaining weight

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79
Q

How does the fetus look during weeks 33-38 of the fetal period?

A

More plumper with abundant subcutaneous fat

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80
Q

What is fertilization age?

A

Not really used in practice

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81
Q

How is gestational age determined?

A

By last menstrual period

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82
Q

What is the typical range for gestational age?

A

38-42 weeks

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83
Q

What is the key function of the placenta?

A

Respiration

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84
Q

Describe the fetal side of the placenta.

A

Smooth

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85
Q

Describe the maternal side of the placenta.

A

Rough where it attaches to uterus

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86
Q

What is the composition of the umbilical cord?

A

2 arteries & 1 vein (AVA)

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87
Q

What do the arteries in the umbilical cord carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood & waste products

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88
Q

What does the vein in the umbilical cord return?

A

Oxygenated blood and nutrients

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89
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Remove waste and provide nutrients and oxygen to the baby.

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90
Q

Is the placenta intact when it comes out?

A

Yes.

91
Q

How should the placenta come out?

A

it should come out intact

92
Q

What are the two fetal membranes?

A

amnion and chorion

93
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

cushioning
temp control
prevents membranes from attaching
provides room to move

94
Q

What structure surrounds the amnion?

A

chorion

95
Q

What is oligohydramnios?

A

Low levels of amniotic fluid

96
Q

What is hydramnios?

A

High levels of amniotic fluid (or polyhydramnios)

97
Q

What is the ideal volume of amniotic fluid?

A

700-800 mL

98
Q

What is the volume of oligohydramnios?

A

less than 400 mL

99
Q

What are some possible causes of oligohydramnios?

A

Poor placental perfusion, fetal kidney failure

100
Q

What are some potential complications of oligohydramnios?

A

Poor lung development, premature rupture of membranes

101
Q

What is the volume of amniotic fluid in hydramnios or polyhydramnios?

A

Over 2000 mL

102
Q

What condition is associated with uncontrolled diabetes in the mother?

A

Polyhydramnios

103
Q

What are some possible complications of polyhydramnios?

A

Malformation of CNS, Cardiovascular system issues, GI tract issues

104
Q

What are presumptive indicators?

A

amenorrhea
n/v
fatigue
urinary frequency

105
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Absence of menstruation

106
Q

What is the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy?

A

60-80% in 1st trimester but 45% in 3rd trimester

107
Q

What are the least reliable indicators?

A

presumptive indicators

108
Q

What are subjective changes that can indicate pregnancy?

A

breast changes, hyperpigmentation, fetal movement, N/V, fatigue, fetal mvmt, urinary frequency

109
Q

What are breast changes that can indicate pregnancy?

A

Enlargement and tenderness.

110
Q

What is hyperpigmentation and how can it indicate pregnancy?

A

Darkening of the skin, particularly around the nipples and genital area.

111
Q

What is Chadwick’s sign?

A

Blue colored cervix, vagina, and vulva

112
Q

What is Goodell’s sign?

A

Softening of the cervix

113
Q

What is Hegar’s sign?

A

Ability to fold the body of the uterus

114
Q

What does a pregnancy test check for?

A

hCG

115
Q

What can cause a false negative in a pregnancy test? and how can you help prevent it?

A

Dilute urine, take sample first thing in the morning

116
Q

What can cause a false positive in a pregnancy test?

A

Tumor, blood or protein in urine, certain medications (Parkinson’s or anticonvulsants)

117
Q

What is ballottement? what can cause a false one?

A

provider taps cervix, Baby floats up in the cervix and then comes down. a tumor could also do this.

118
Q

What is Braxton Hicks? What can cause a false one?

A

contractions, False contractions caused by intestinal gas

119
Q

What is palpation of fetal outline?

A

Feeling the shape of the baby through the abdomen

120
Q

What is uterine soufflé?

A

Hearing the flow in the uterus matching the mom’s heartbeat

121
Q

What are some positive indicators during pregnancy?

A

Auscultation of fetal heart sounds, fetal movements detected by examiner, visualization of fetus

122
Q

What are the landmarks for uterine growth?

A

12 weeks: above symphysis pubis, 16 weeks: midway symphysis pubis & umbilicus, 20 weeks: umbilicus, 36 weeks: xiphoid process

123
Q

What happens during ‘lightening’?

A

Baby flips and head comes down

124
Q

What are Braxton Hicks contractions?

A

Practice contractions that are not effective in delivering the baby, felt in the third trimester mostly

125
Q

When should a pregnant woman go to the doctor regarding Braxton Hicks contractions?

A

If she has 5-6 in an hour

126
Q

What is Chadwick’s sign?

A

bluish color

127
Q

What is Goodell’s sign?

A

softening of the cervix because of hormones

128
Q

What is the purpose of the mucous plug?

A

forms a plug so no bacteria goes to the membranes

129
Q

What happens when the mucous plug breaks?

A

can have some blood happen when it breaks bc it does have some capillaries

plug comes out and bloody show is normal and is something to expect

130
Q

What causes the pH in the vagina to become acidic?

A

Glycogen turns to lactic acid

131
Q

Why are pregnant women prone to fungal infections?

A

Changes in pH

132
Q

What stops during pregnancy?

A

ovulation stops

133
Q

What is the role of progesterone during pregnancy? aka hormone of pregnancy””

A

Prevents tissue rejection and suppresses contractions. prevents miscarriage.

134
Q

What stimulates the growth of mammary ductal tissue?

A

Estrogen

135
Q

What stimulates the growth of lobes, lobules, and alveoli?

A

Progesterone

136
Q

What do the Tubercles of Montgomery do?

A

help to lubricate nipple

137
Q

Is breastfeeding allowed during pregnancy?

A

Yes, if there are no risk factors.

138
Q

What happens to the heart during pregnancy?

A

Heart is pushed upward and to the left

139
Q

What might be heard when listening to the heart during pregnancy?

A

Systolic murmur, this is alright

140
Q

What happens to plasma volume during pregnancy?

A

Plasma volume increases

141
Q

How does the increase in plasma volume affect blood thickness?

A

Blood is less thick, which helps prevent clots

142
Q

What happens to RBC, HGB, and HCT levels during pregnancy?

A

Dilution of RBC, ↓ HGB/HCT

143
Q

What term is used to describe the decrease in RBC, HGB, and HCT levels during pregnancy?

A

Pseudoanemia of pregnancy

144
Q

What type of anemia may occur due to iron deficiency during pregnancy?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

145
Q

When hemoglobin less than 11 during pregnancy during what stage is it actually anemia?

A

first and third trimester.

146
Q

What is the threshold for hemoglobin levels in the second trimester?

A

Less than 10.5 -indicates iron deficiency anemia.

147
Q

What type of anemia is present if the hemoglobin is less than 10.5 during the second trimester?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

148
Q

How do you treat both types of anemia?

A

Iron supplements

149
Q

What are the cardiovascular changes during pregnancy?

A

Increased cardiac output, decreased systemic vascular resistance, slight decrease in diastolic pressure

150
Q

What is supine hypotensive syndrome?

A

Slight decrease of diastolic pressure when lying on back

151
Q

What is the best position for side laying?

A

Left side

152
Q

How can you remove pressure on the aorta while side laying?

A

Raise one of the hips with a pillow

153
Q

What happens to clotting factors in the blood?

A

They increase

154
Q

What happens to fibrinolytic activity in the blood?

A

It decreases

155
Q

What is the function of fibrinolytic activity?

A

To protect from hemorrhage and increase the chance of blood clots

156
Q

What happens to leukocytes in the blood?

A

They increase

157
Q

What happens to erythrocytes in the blood?

A

They increase

158
Q

Why is more iron needed?

A

To support increased erythrocyte production

159
Q

What are the respiratory changes?

A

Oxygen consumption ↑

160
Q

What happens to tidal volume?

A

Tidal volume ↑

161
Q

Which hormones are involved in increased tidal volume and respiratory changes?

A

Progesterone, Estrogen

162
Q

What does estrogen do to muscles?

A

Relaxes muscles

163
Q

How does estrogen affect breathing?

A

Allows deeper breathing

164
Q

What does estrogen do to vascularity?

A

Increases vascularity

165
Q

What can increased vascularity in the face cause?

A

Nose bleeds, congestion, fullness in the ears

166
Q

What happens to the voice due to estrogen?

A

Lowered voice

167
Q

What are epulis? this happens during pregnancy

A

Growths that happen in gum from extra estrogen

168
Q

What is ptyalism? this happens during preganacy

A

Excessive salivation

169
Q

What is pyrosis? happens during preganacy.

A

Reflux due to relaxation of the sphincter. estrogen causes the relaxation.

170
Q

How does pregnancy affect the tone and motility of the GI tract?

A

Slows down

171
Q

What happens to the gallbladder during pregnancy?

A

Bile becomes thicker and more prone to gall stones

172
Q

What is pruritis?

A

Itching caused by retained bile salts

173
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

Involuntary urine leakage during activities that increase abdominal pressure

174
Q

What is nocturia and how does it affect pregnancy?

A

Increased need to urinate at night.

175
Q

Why do some people experience nocturia?

A

Due to water and sodium retention during the day

176
Q

What happens to the ureters?

A

They can become somewhat compressed

177
Q

What can happen due to compressed ureters?

A

Increased risk of urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis

178
Q

What causes hyperpigmentation?

A

Estrogen

179
Q

Name two integumentary changes during pregnancy.

A

Angiomas and palmar erythema

180
Q

What are striae gravidarum?

A

Stretch marks

181
Q

What is melasma also known as?

A

Mask of pregnancy

182
Q

What is a musculoskeletal change that can occur during pregnancy?

A

Waddling gait

183
Q

What is the term for an excessive inward curve of the lower back?

A

Lordosis

184
Q

What is diastasis recti?

A

Separation of abdominal muscles. sometimes they go back and sometimes they dont, might need surgery if it doesn’t resolve post partum

185
Q

what can happen to blood glucose?

A

hypoglycemia possible between meals and at night.

186
Q

What is the role of hCS in pregnancy?

A

allowing for more glucose to be available to baby

187
Q

What does relaxin do?

A

helps inhibit urine activity, soften cervix, and relax joints in pelvis

188
Q

What is a potential endocrine change during pregnancy related to glucose?

A

hypoglycemia between meals and at night

189
Q

What is the goal of weight gain during pregnancy if the person has a normal BMI?

A

25-35 pounds

190
Q

What makes up less than half of the recommended weight gain during pregnancy?

A

Fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid

191
Q

What is dependent edema?

A

Swelling due to fluid retention

192
Q

What are some common feelings during the first trimester?

A

Uncertainty, ambivalence, unstable moods

193
Q

What is one of the concerns during the first trimester?

A

How to cope with life and other family

194
Q

What is the focus on during the first trimester?

A

Self

195
Q

What is the primary focus during the second trimester?

A

Fetus

196
Q

What are two psychological characteristics during the second trimester?

A

Narcissism, introversion

197
Q

What is a common concern during the second trimester?

A

Body image

198
Q

What may experience changes during the second trimester?

A

Sexuality

199
Q

What are some common experiences during the third trimester?

A

Vulnerability, increasing dependence, trouble concentrating, preparation for birth

200
Q

What are some common nightmares during the third trimester?

A

Deformity or harm

201
Q

What does a pregnant person typically want during the third trimester?

A

Their partner close

202
Q

What is a common behavior in the third trimester?

A

Nesting

203
Q

What are some behaviors associated with maternal role taking?

A

Mimicry, role play, fantasy

204
Q

What is mimicry in maternal role taking?

A

Mimicking behaviors, waddle gait, or posture

205
Q

What is role play in maternal role taking?

A

Seeking holding or caring for infants

206
Q

What is fantasy in maternal role taking?

A

Imagining what the baby might look like, having fearful fantasies

207
Q

What is the search for role fit in maternal role taking?

A

Comparing oneself to other mothers to find a suitable role

208
Q

What is grief work in maternal role taking?

A

Coming to terms with the loss of one’s former self

209
Q

What is couvade?

A

the dad will take on the moms symptoms of pregnancy.

210
Q

What are some symptoms experienced by dads during couvade?

A

Fatigue, cravings, weight gain

211
Q

What are some potential effects of couvade?

A

Insomnia, restlessness, irritability

212
Q

What is a major factor in emotional response for grandparents?

A

Age

213
Q

What is the importance of the number and spacing of other grandchildren for grandparents?

A

It affects their response

214
Q

What is the biggest focus for an IVF coordinator?

A

having empathy and making patients feel supported

215
Q

What is the purpose of the IVF class?

A

to inform patients of expectations and provide standardized information

216
Q

What do testosterone and anabolic steroids do to sperm count?

A

decrease it

217
Q

When should someone start birth control in the IVF process?

A

on day 3 of their cycle

218
Q

What is the purpose of starting antibiotics for spouses in IVF?

A

to prevent bacterial contamination when the egg is present

219
Q

What drug is used to suppress ovulation in IVF?

A

Lupron

220
Q

What is the most important check during the suppression phase of IVF?

A

suppression check, ensuring estrogen is as low as possible

221
Q

What happens during the endometrial support phase of IVF?

A

progesterone is taken daily until week 10 of pregnancy

222
Q

What does ICSI stand for in IVF?

A

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

223
Q

What are some risks associated with IVF?

A

hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, infection, anesthesia risks, blood loss

Ngozi's Family Health (7 decks)

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