Pregnancy & Prenatal Care (Moulton) Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

How soon should you recommend starting folic acid to someone who is planning to get pregnant?

A

at least 1 month before conception; reduces neural tube defects (NTDs)

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2
Q

Gravidity

A

the number of times a woman has been pregnant

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3
Q

Parity

A

number of pregnancies/deliveries that led to a birth; FPAL (full, preterm, abortions, living) twins count as one pregnancy and delivery

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4
Q

A woman has given birth to one term infant, and one set of preterm twins, and has had 1 miscarriage and 1 ectopic pregnancy. She has 3 living children.

A

G4P1123

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5
Q

Normal physical findings of pregnancy

A

systolic murmurs; exaggerated splitting of S3
palmar erythema
spider angiomas
linea nigra
striae gravidarum
chadwicks sign

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6
Q

When should a RH negative mom get Rhogam

A

at 28 weeks and/or anytime sensitization occurs (threatened abortion, amniocentesis, abd trauma/MVA)

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7
Q

Gestational age

A

the number of weeks that have elapsed between the first day of the last missed period and the date of delivery

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8
Q

When can serum hCG be first detected?

A

6 to 8 days after ovulation; a level above 25 IU/L is positive (less than 5 IU/L is negative)

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9
Q

Naegel’s rule

A

minus 3 months + 7 days = expected date of delivery; only useful w regular periods

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10
Q

Crown rump length (CRL)

A

US taken in the first trimester (best time to determine due date); can determine due date within 7 days

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11
Q

What patients needs genetic counseling?

A

35 yrs +; previous baby w birth defects/known genetic disorder/mental disorder; exposure to teratogens

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12
Q

What is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy?

A

Turner’s syndrome 45 XO

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13
Q

What is the risk of a couple who previously had a child with Downs syndrome have another one?

A

1% risk of giving birth to another affected child

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14
Q

When should chromosomal studies be considered?

A

couples after 3 or more spontaneous abortions

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15
Q

Most common cause of spontaneous abortions?

A

Trisomy 16 - most common

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16
Q

What is the most common form of inherited mental retardation?

A

Fragile X syndrome; located on X chromosome; no male to male transmission

17
Q

First trimester screenings

A
  1. Fetal nuchal translucency (NT)
  2. b-hCG
  3. PAPP-A (pappa got her pregnant first)
18
Q

Second trimester screenings

A
  1. b-hCG
  2. maternal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
    Quadruple screen: b-hCG, AFP, estriol and inhibin A (higher detection rate for trisomy 21)
19
Q

Noninvasive prenatal testing

A

Cell-Free Fetal DNA; 9-10 weeks; tests free fetal FNA through the maternal circulation; does NOT test for NTDs - will need to get serum AFP or US

20
Q

Teratology definition

A

abnormal fetal development

21
Q

Teratogen definition

A

any agent or factor that can cause abnormalities of form or function in an exposed fetus

22
Q

Thalidomide

A

teratogen that caused phocomelia in newborns; given to moms for n/v

23
Q

What are the 4 principles of teratology?

A
  1. Fetal susceptibility (genetic make-up of mother and fetus)
  2. Dose (low dose vs high dose)
  3. Timing (day 17 to 56 post-conception - organogenesis)
  4. Nature of teratogenic agent
24
Q

When is the most vulnerable stage to be exposed to a teratogen?

A

day 17 to 56 post-conception - the period of organogenesis

25
What is the most common teratogen that is exposed to a fetus?
Alcohol
26
Fetal alcohol syndrome
most common teratogen exposed to a fetus; growth restriction; facial abnormalities - low set ears, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip; CNS dysfunction - microcephaly/mental retardation
27
Heparin
category B; does NOT cross the placenta; can be given during pregnancy
28
Fetal hydantoin syndrome (FHS)
teratogen; Diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin); category D; craniofacial abnormalities, limb reduction defects; growth restriction; mental deficiency
29
Retinoids (Accutane)
teratogen; CNS - hydrocephaly, facial nerve palsies and cortical blindness; risk of spontaneous abortion or congenital malformation is 50%
30
Rule of thumbs for radiation exposure
less than 5 rads of exposure = no risk
31
Frequency of prenatal visits
Every 4 weeks until 28 weeks Every 2 weeks from 28 - 36 weeks Weekly until delivery
32
When does a mother typically start to feel fetal movements?
first sensation occurs around 20 weeks
33
Routine screening throughout pregnancy
20 weeks - US 28 weeks - Rhogram, screening for diabetes, hematocrit and hemoglobin, and given Tdap 36 weeks - screening for GBS
34
Kick counting
you want 10 movements in 2 hours
35
Nonstress test (NST)
2 accelerations of at least 15 beats above baseline lasting at least 15 seconds during 20 min of monitoring
36
Contraction stress test (CST)
given oxytocin; at least 3 contractions in 10 min period