Prelim 1 Flashcards by Tin Alvarez

A non-invasive medical imaging
technique that uses the interaction
between radio frequency pulses, a
strong magnetic field and body tissue to
obtain images of slices/ planes from
inside the body.

MRI

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Higher Tesla=

higher magnetic field

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magnetic field strength

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Discovered the Rotating Magnetic Field
in Budapest Hungary
- Was a fundamental discovery in physics
An Austrian-American inventor and
mechanical and electrical engineer
Best known for many revolutionary
contributions in the field of electricity
and magnetism in the late 19th & early
20th centuries

Nikola Tesla (1856- 7 JAN 1943)

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SI Unit
-For measuring magnetic flux
density/ magnetic induction
(commonly known as magnetic field
B) was named in Tesla’s honour at the
conference Generale des Poids et
Measures, Paris in 1960

Tesla (T)

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200 nanotesla= US Congress & WHO
Recommended limit for constant human
exposure=

2 MG

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-a German mathematician and scientist
-the CGS unit for magnetic induction
was named gauss in his hour ( CFG)
-CGS= centimeter gram second system
of units

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

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-CGS=
of units

centimeter gram second system

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JBJF
-French mathematician & physicist
-initiating the investigation of Fourier
series & application to problems of
heart flow
-Fourier Transform

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-
1830)

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algorithm that
solves analog data to digital
an operation that transforms one function
of a real variable into another.
■ is a mathematical procedure to separate
out the frequency components of a signal
from its amplitudes as a function of time
■ the inverse Fourier transformation (IFT)
calculates the time domain from the
frequency domain.

Fourier Transform

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JL
-Irish Physicist & mathematician
-developed the equation that the
angular frequency of precession of the
nuclear spin being proportional to the
strength of the magnetic field
-Larmor frequency (Larmor relationship)

Sir Joseph Larmor (1857-1942)

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-Austrian Theoretical physicist
-1924; proposed the Pauli Exclusion
Principle (to determine the # of electron
in k-shell
He received the Nobel prize for physics
in 1945

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli

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outermost electron

Valence

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-a Dutch-American theoretical physicist
-1925; introduced the concept of
spinning electron
-arising from the spinning electrical
charge
-angular momentum, magnetic dipole

George Eugene Uhnlenbeck (1900-1988)

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Columbia
University (PIR)
-working in the Pupin Physics lab in NYC
-observed the quantum phenomenon
dubbed nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR)
-recognized that the atomic nuclei show
their presence by absorbing/emitting
radio waves when exposed to a
sufficiently strong magnetic field

Professor Isidor I. Rabi 1937

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In the 1930’s,
succeeded in
detecting and
measuring single
states of rotation of
atoms and molecules,
and in determining
the mechanical and
magnetic moments of
the nuclei.
■ Influenced by
Cornelius Jacobus
Gorter
-

Isidor Isaac Rabi

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-Dutch Physicist
-Sept 1937; he & his co-worker Broer,
reported unsuccessful attempts to
observe nuclear magnetic resonance in
pure crystalline materials
-first to demonstrate the phenomenon
of paramagnetic relaxation

Cornelius Jacobus Gorter

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(1907-1976)
-A Soviet Physicist
-discovered electron paramagnetic
resonance in 1944 ( YKZ)

Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky

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-discover magnetic resonance
phenomenon 1946
-Nobel prize for physics
-measure magnetic resonance in bulk
material such as liquids & solids

Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell

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-an American Physicist
-Nuclear induction
-together w/ his colleagues,Torrey and
Pound, prepared a
resonant cavity to
study the absorption of
RF energy in paraffin

Edward Mills Purcell (1912-1997)

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Birth of MRI

1952-

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Who creates I dimensional image

Herman Carr

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Magnetic Resonance was
discovered

1946

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-further developed the utilization of
gradients in the magnetic field and
mathematically analysis of these signals
for a more useful imaging technique
-gradient coils
-showed how signals can be
mathematically analyzed which later
gave way to EPI technique in 1977

Peter Mansfield

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); the first ultra-high-speed imaging technique; fast high speed imaging technique

EPI (echo-planar imaging

were awarded with the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine

Paul C Lauterbur & Peter Mansfield

1956 -“Tesla Unit” was proclaimed in the ____ Germany by the International Electro-technical Commission-committee of action. -all MRI machines are calibrated in “Tesla Units” -Tesla or Gauss unite; measures strength of a magnetic field -the stronger the amount of radio signals which can be elicited from the body’s atoms and therefore the higher the quality of MRI images

Rathaus of Munich

-in the early 70’s, demonstrated with his NMR device, that there are different T1 relaxation times between normal and abnormal tissues of the same type, as well as between different types of normal tissues

Raymond Vahan Damadian

-a physician and experimenter working at Brooklyn’s Downstate Medicall Center discovered that hydrogen signal in cancerous tissue is different from that of healthy tissue because tumors contain more water

Raymond Vahan Damadian

hyperintence (light)

T1-

- hypointense (dark)

Raymond Vahan Damadian -In 1977, completed (after 7 years) the first MR scanner ______ -In 1978, he founded the ____ which manufactured the first commercial MRI scanner in 1980. FONAR went public in 1981

(Indomitable) FONAR Corporation

Year -Raymond Damadian applies for a ptent, which describes the concept of NMR being used for above purpose. -He illustrates major parts of MRI machine in his patent application

1972

Paul Lauterbur -in 1973, described a new imaging technique that he termed ____ -By utilizing gradients in the magnetic field, this technique was able to produce a 2-dimensional image (back-projection)

Zeugmatography

1973 -, a chemist an an NMR pioneer at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, produced the first NMR image. It was of a test tube

Paul Lauterbur

-Felix B. ( University) -Edward P. ( University)

Stanford Harvard

Year Nikola Tesla discovered the Rotating Magnetic Field in Budapest, Hungary. ■ This was a fundamental discovery in physics

1882

1 tesla = (G)

10,000 (or 104) gauss

Year Pauli proposed the Pauli exclusion principle, for which he received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1945.

1925

, an uncharged and massless particle that carries off energy in radioactivity

neutrino

___ principle states that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously

Pauli exclusion

___ are particles which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics; they are named after____

fermions Enrico Fermi.

Year ■ Columbia University Professor Isidor I. Rabi working in the Pupin Physic Laboratory in New York City, observed the quantum phenomenon dubbed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). He recognized that the atomic nuclei show their presence by absorbing or emitting radio waves when exposed to a sufficiently strong magnetic field

1937

ISIDOR RABI Published “____ in 1938, where the first MR signal from LiCl was reported. ■ Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in ___.

A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment” 1944

1905 – 1983 ■ a Swiss-American physicist. ■ Nuclear induction ■ Together with his colleagues, did an experiment measuring an electromotive force resulting form the forced precession of the nuclear magnetization in the applied RF field.

Felix Bloch

The strength of a magnetic field is measured in ____ Units. The stronger the magnetic field, the stronger the amount of radio signals which can be elicited from the body's atoms and therefore the higher the quality of MRI images

Tesla or Gauss

First to demonstrate clinical MR images of a human finger using his technique.

Peter Mansfield

Showed how signals can be mathematically analyzed which later gave way to EPI technique in 1977

Peter mansfield

was Professor of Medical Physics at the University of Aberdeen from 1965 until his retirement in 1992. ■ He is known for his and his colleague's work in the development of radionuclide imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and, in particular, positron emission tomography (PET

John Mallard

The whole body magnet was first built by ___. In cooperation with the University of Aberdeen; started in 1972 under the direction of John Mallard and led by James Hutchison. ■ Originated the “spin-warp” method of spatial localization for MRI ■ T1 values for normal and malignant animal and human tissue were presented

Oxford Instruments Ltd

referred to the joining together of a weak gradient magnetic field with the stronger main magnetic field, allowing the spatial localization of 2 tubes of water. ■ Introduced the use of gradients in the magnetic field.

Zeugmatography

Year ■ Raymond Damadian receives his patent

1974

■ Richard Ernst proposes using phase and frequency encoding and Fourier transform for acquisition of MR images.

1975

■ Richard Ernst proposes using phase and frequency encoding and Fourier transform for acquisition of MR images.

1975

■ a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel Laureate. ■ In 1975, introduced 2D NMR using phase and frequency encoding, and the Fourier Transform

Richard Robert Ernst

Year: First images could be presented. A cross section through a finger by Peter Mansfield and Andrew A. Maudsley. Peter Mansfield also could present the first image through the abdomen

1977/78

In ___, Raymond Damadian demonstrated MRI of the whole body.

1977

On ___, nearly five hours after the start of the first MRI test, the first human scan was made as the first MRI prototype.

July 3, 1977

demonstrated imaging of the body using Ernst's technique in 1980. A single image could be acquired in approximately five minutes by this technique

Edelstein and coworkers

: Schering submitted a patent application for Gd-DTPA dimeglumine.

1981

: The first 'magnetization-transfer' imaging by Robert N. Muller

1982

In ___, Toshiba obtained approval from the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan for the first commercial MRI system

1983

In ___, FONAR Corporation receives FDA approval for its first MRI scanner

1984

By ___, the imaging time was reduced to about five seconds, NMR microscope, 10 mm resolution

1986

___: Jürgen Hennig, A. Nauerth, and Hartmut Friedburg (University of Freiburg) introduced RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement) imaging

1986

■ Real time MR imaging of the heart is developed

1987

■ Le Bihan publishes an article in Radiology, which describes diffusion weighted imaging (DWI).

1986

In ___ echo-planar imaging was used to perform real-time movie imaging of a single cardiac cycle. In this same year Charles Dumoulin was perfecting magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which allowed imaging of flowing blood without the use of contrast agents

1987

__/: Schering's MAGNEVIST gets its first approval by the FDA

1988

In 1991, ____ awarded Fourier Transform NMR and MRI with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Richard Ernst

■ Filler and colleagues describe imaging of axonal transport of supermagnetic metal oxide particles, a technique, which later becomes important in imaging of neural tracts.

1991

In 1991, __ was developed independently by the University of Minnesota’s Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) and Massachusetts General Hospital’s (MGH) MR Center.

fMRI

In ___ functional MRI (fMRI) was developed. This technique allows the mapping of the function of the various regions of the human brain. Six years earlier many clinicians thought echoplanar imaging's primary applications was to be in real-time cardiac imaging. The development of fMRI opened up a new application for EPI in mapping the regions of the brain responsible for thought and motor control.

1993

■ The first intraoperative MR unit developed by GE and Harvard is installed in the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston

1994

From___ to __ Fonar was paid for the infringement of it's patents from 'nearly every one of its competitors in the MRI industry including giant multi-nationals as Toshiba, Siemens, Shimadzu, Philips and GE

1992 1997

In ___, researchers at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and Princeton University demonstrated the imaging of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas for respiration studies. MRI is clearly a young, but growing science

1994

■ MRI neuroimaging and musculoskeletal

1990s

In 1999, ___ developed the first truly portable MRI technology and made MRI technology available in the office of the clinician

MagneVu

■ Cardiac MRI, Body MRI, fetal imaging, functional MR imaging are further developed and become routine in many imaging centers. Research centers make significant strides forward in imaging cartilage on high field scanners. The number of free standing MRI centers, most of which utilize low or moderate field MR scanners significantly increases.

2000s

Prelim 1 Flashcards

(79 cards)