prelim 1

Question 1

Middlemist, Knowles, & Matter (1977) study

Answer 1

urinal study, if personal space invasions in bathroom lead to arousal

Question 2

limits of observational studies

Answer 2

Purely observational behavioral/self-report measures by themselves
can provide good data.
• But they cannot determine causality

Question 3

“shapa” scale

Answer 3

by dan ariely, scale with no numbers, uses data from over a week and just uses colors

Question 4

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 4

measures electrical activity
in the brain
fairly non intrusive

Question 5

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer 5

measure of blood flow to areas
of brain (oxygenation)
• correlational
expensive

Question 6

Transcranial Magnetic

Stimulation (TMS)

Answer 6

Electromagnetic induction
over scalp
• Disrupts neuronal activity in
targeted region
• (For now) penetration is
limited to 5-6 cm deep
• minor side-effects

Question 7

developmental methods

Answer 7

Cross-sectional (e.g., compare 3 yr. olds to 5 yr. olds)
• Longitudinal (e.g., look at kids at age 3, then again at age 5).
• Twin Studies (identical vs. fraternal, reared together vs. reared
apart)
• Experimental methods

Question 8

Implicit Associations Test
(Greenwald, McGhee &
Schwartz, 1998)

Answer 8

Measures association between
concepts
• e.g., race, age, gender and “good”
vs. “bad”

Question 9

triangulating

Answer 9

looking across multiple levels of analysis,

using various methods.

Question 10

neuroscience

Answer 10

is the study of the brain (the structure and function of the nervous
system)

Question 11

psychology

Answer 11

is the study of the mind

Question 12

The “Astonishing Hypothesis”

Answer 12

everything you are is just a behavior of neuron cells, you are just a pack of neurons

Question 13

philosophical dualism

Answer 13

The belief that while bodies are

physical, minds are immaterial. soul separate from body

Question 14

intuitive dualism

Answer 14

we possess our body and our brains, we are intimately related to them, but they are not what we are

Question 15

how many neurons

Answer 15

About 86,000,000,000

Question 16

sensory neurons

Answer 16

affarent

Question 17

motor neurons

Answer 17

efferent neurons

Question 18

intensity is expressed by

Answer 18

number of neurons firing and

frequency of firing

Question 19

neurotransmitters

Answer 19

Chemical messengers that send

signals across neurons

Question 20

Acetylcholine

Answer 20

stimulates muscle movement, memory, arousal, attention, mood

Question 21

dopamine

Answer 21

one of four neurotransmitters called monoamines, produces both excitatory and inhibitory
effects and is involved in several functions, including learning, attention, and
movement,
feeling of reward, pleasure and addiction

Question 22

Serotonin

Answer 22

regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite

Question 23

Norepinephrine

Answer 23

affects eating habits (it stimulates the intake of carbohydrates) and plays a major role in
alertness and wakefulness.

Question 24

GABA

Answer 24

main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Question 25

Endorphins

Answer 25

relief from pain or the stress of vigorous exercise and produce feelings of pleasure and well-being

Question 26

How Drugs Affect Neurotransmitters

Answer 26

nfluence the chemical precursors of a transmitter substance • prevent the storage of the transmitter substance in vesicles • inhibit or stimulate the release of the transmitter substance • block postsynaptic receptors • block reuptake of free-floating transmitter substance

Question 27

amphetamine psychosis

Answer 27

(delusions and hallucinations) too much dopamine

Question 28

Schizophrenia

Answer 28

delusions and hallucinations w/o meth, reduce dopamine to fix

Question 29

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 29

not enough dopamine, uncontrollable body movements, shaking

Question 30

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 30

uncontrollable bodily movement, treat with more dopamine

Question 31

neuroplasticity

Answer 31

Changes in the physical structure and functional organization of the brain due to experience

Question 32

Gazzaniga And Split-Brain Patients

Answer 32

severed corpus callosum

Question 33

Sensation

Answer 33

acquiring basic/raw information about the world through the five senses

Question 34

Perception

Answer 34

making sense of the information, changing it into something | useful

Question 35

How Do We Determine What | Is An Object?

Answer 35

``` proximity similarity closure good continuation common movement good form ```

Question 36

Shepard Tone (Auditory Illusion)

Answer 36

sounds like constantly increasing tone

Question 37

• Binocular disparity

Answer 37

images giving slightly different info to each eye

Question 38

Convergence

Answer 38

at close distances, how much your eye is “crossed” gives the brain info about depth.

Question 39

muller-lyer illusion

Answer 39

bottom line same length as top even though arrows make look different

Question 40

ponzo illusion

Answer 40

railroad lines longer

Question 41

ebbinghaus illusion

Answer 41

circles, inner circle looks bigger around smaller circles, smaller around big circles

Question 42

the mcgurk effect

Answer 42

bah bah bah dah dah dah

Question 43

Higher cognitive processes

Answer 43

thought, judgment, beliefs, desires, etc

Question 44

Lower cognitive processes:

Answer 44

sensation, perception, attention`

Question 45

bottom up

Answer 45

most general, sensations and then judgements

Question 46

Linguistic relativism:

Answer 46

the view that the language we speak constrains our | perception and cognition. (Also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

Question 47

Berg & Toch (1964):

Answer 47

inmates, impulsuve vs neurotic, which more likely to see violent image

Question 48

Bruner And Goodman (1946)

Answer 48

rich vs poor kids on size of coin