PRELIM

Question 1

is a procedures are used in diagnosing and treating certain illnesses.

Answer 1

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

Question 2

NUCLEAR MEDICINE is a procedures are used in diagnosing and treating certain illnesses. These procedures use radioactive material called __________________.

Answer 2

Radiopharmaceuticals

Question 3

NUCLEAR MEDICINE is a procedures are used in diagnosing and treating certain illnesses. These procedures use radioactive material called radiopharmaceuticals. Examples of disease treated with nuclear medicine procedures are

Answer 3

hyperthyroidism
• thyroid cancer
• lymphoma,
• and bone pain from some types of cancer.

Question 4

Currently how many physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines.

Answer 4

95 physicians

Question 5

currently, there are now 95 physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines. An even greater number of approximately HOW MANY Nuclear Medicine Technologist, medical physicists, radiochemist & radiopharmacists comprise the Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine Technologists Section?

Answer 5

250

Question 6

Currently, there are now 95 physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines. An even greater number of approximately of 250 whose comprise the Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine Technologists Section

Answer 6

Nuclear medicine technologist
Medical physicists
Radiochemist
Radiopharmacists

Question 7

Currently, there are now 95 physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines. An even greater number of approximately 250 Nuclear Medicine Technologist, medical physicists, radiochemist & radiopharmacists comprise in what section?

Answer 7

Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine Technologists Section

Question 8

Who is the father of nuclear medicine in the philippines?

Answer 8

Paulo C. Campos

Question 9

A nuclear medicine scan consists of 3 phases:

Answer 9

• tracer (radionuclide) administration
• taking images,
• and image interpretation.

Question 10

The amount of time between administration of the tracer and the taking of the images may range from what??

Answer 10

a few moments to a few days.

Question 11

True or False. Doctors use nuclear medicine to diagnose, evaluate, and treat various diseases.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Doctors use nuclear medicine to diagnose, evaluate, and treat various diseases. These include

Answer 12

• cancer
• heart disease
• gastrointestinal
• endocrine,
• or neurological disorders, and other conditions.

Question 13

Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint the? And this gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages.

Answer 13

molecular activity

Question 14

True or False. Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint magnetic momentum. This gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages.

Answer 14

False, its molecular activity.

Question 15

True or false. Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint molecular activity. This gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention by Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958).

Answer 16

Cyclotron

Question 17

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention of the cyclotron by

Answer 17

Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958).

Question 18

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958). Ernest Lawrence began working in what university?

Answer 18

University of California in Berkeley

Question 19

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958). Ernest Lawrence began working at University of California in Berkeley in what year?

Answer 19

1928

Question 20

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958). Ernest Lawrence began working at University of California in Berkeley in 1928 as a what?

Answer 20

nuclear physicist.

Question 21

True or false. Ernest Lawrence research centered on the bombarding atoms at a very low speed in order to produce new particles.

Answer 21

False, high speed.

Question 22

True or false. Ernest Lawrence research centered on the bombarding atoms at high speed in order to produce new particles.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Overall usage of nuclear medicine procedures is expanding rapidly, especially as new imaging technologies, such as

Answer 23

• positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT)
• single photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT)

Question 24

are found in the nucleus at the centre of the atom.

Answer 24

protons and neutrons

Question 25

is very much smaller than the atom as a whole.

Answer 25

nucleus

Question 26

: it is a positively charged particle that resides within the atomic nucleus.

Answer 26

PROTONS

Question 27

The proton has how many charges

Answer 27

+1 (or, alternately, 1.602 ×10-¹⁹Coulombos).

Question 28

it is a subatomic particle with a mass comparable to a proton and neutral electrical charge.

Answer 28

Neutrons

Question 29

A neutron is a subatomic particle with how many mass/es and charge?

Answer 29

mass of 1 and charge of 0.

Question 30

are agents used to diagnose certain medical problems or treat certain disease.

Answer 30

Radiopharmaceuticals

Question 31

it is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera, but is able to provide true 3D information.

Answer 31

SPECT

Question 32

it is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays.

Answer 32

SPECT

Question 33

it is the radiation emitted from a radiophramaceuticals injected intravenously into a patient is registered by external detectors positioned at different orientations.

Answer 33

PET

Question 34

it is a scan can find abnormal activity and it can be more sensitive than ither imaging tests.

Answer 34

PET

Question 35

it is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.

Answer 35

PET

Question 36

it is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs.

Answer 36

PET

Question 37

these are radioactive chemical sor pharmaceutics preparations, labeled with a radionuclide in tracer or therapeutic concentration.

Answer 37

Radioactive materials

Question 38

these are radioisotopes bound to biological molecules able to target specific organs, tissues or cells within the human body.

Answer 38

Radiophramaceuticals Drugs

Question 39

a drug that contains a radioactive substance and is used to diagnose or treat disease, including cancer.

Answer 39

Radiotracer

Question 40

it is more flexible tool, because innovative tracers are more easily synthesized.

Answer 40

PET

Question 41

Must have a short half-life that is compatible with the duration and objectives of the NM study.

Answer 41

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

Question 42

in radiopharmaceuticals, Must produce monochromatic gamma rays with energies between

Answer 42

100-300 keV

Question 43

True or false. Does radiopharmaceuticals minimize production of particulate radiation?

Answer 43

True

Question 44

what are the DETECTORS IN NM?

Answer 44

1. GAS-FILLED DETECTORS 2. SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

Question 45

Typically used in non-imaging instruments.

Answer 45

GAS-FILLED DETECTORS

Question 46

Commonly used in NM as dose calibrators and survey meters.

Answer 46

GAS-FILLED DETECTORS

Question 47

GAS-FILLED DETECTORS belongs to a class of detectors called

Answer 47

ionization detectors.

Question 48

GAS-FILLED DETECTORS are commonly used gases are

Answer 48

- helium - neon - argon - hydrogen and air.

Question 49

There are 3 main types of gas-filled detector;

Answer 49

- ionization chambers - proportional counters - Geiger-Mueller detectors

Question 50

Used to determine the radioactivity of a test tube, vial or syringe.

Answer 50

DOSE CALIBRATORS

Question 51

Used to locate a source of radioactivity and to assess the amount of radioactivity present or the exposure rate from the source.

Answer 51

SURVEY METER

Question 52

Are used in portable survey meters and can accurately indicate exposure rates from less than 1 mR/hr to hundreds of R/hr

Answer 52

IONIZATION CHAMBERS

Question 53

Detectors used in most x-ray machine photo timers

Answer 53

IONIZATION CHAMBERS

Question 54

In IONIZATION CHAMBERS, are used in portable survey meters and can accurately indicate exposure rates from less than

Answer 54

1 mR/hr to hundreds of R/hr

Question 55

Also used for performing quality assurance testing of diagnostic and therapeutic x-ray machines.

Answer 55

IONIZATION CHAMBERS

Question 56

Commonly used in standard laboratories, health physics laboratories and for physics research.

Answer 56

PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS

Question 57

Not commonly used in NM because of its low efficiency in detecting x and gamma rays.

Answer 57

PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS

Question 58

Suitable for detecting alpha particles

Answer 58

PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS

Question 59

Mostly used for inexpensive survey meter for radiation protection purposes.

Answer 59

GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS

Question 60

Widely used in monitoring because it is very rugged.

Answer 60

GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS

Question 61

The most commonly used detector in NM.

Answer 61

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

Question 62

Generally used only for detection of x and gamma ray only.

Answer 62

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

Question 63

Sensitive element that is used to detect ionizing radiation by observing the emission of light photons induced in a material.

Answer 63

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

Question 64

were used in the development of the 1st generation nuclear medicine scanner (rectilinear scanner).

Answer 64

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

Question 65

Thalitum activated sodium iodide is the most commonly used crystals used.

Answer 65

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

Question 66

What is the most commonly used crystals used in the SCINTILLATION DETECTOR?

Answer 66

Thalitum activated sodium iodide

Question 67

In scintillation detectors, Thalitum activated sodium iodide is the most commonly used _____________

Answer 67

crystals used

Question 68

Scintillation detectors were used in the development of the 1st generation nuclear medicine scanner or also known as

Answer 68

rectilinear scanner

Question 69

Used to detect and convert light photons emitted from the crystal into an electronic signal that amplifies the original photon.

Answer 69

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE

Question 70

A typical gamma camera detector head contains 80-100 PMTs. As crystal thickness increases, sensitivity improves but resolution decreases

Answer 70

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE

Question 71

In PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE, A typical gamma camera detector head contains what??

Answer 71

80-100 PMTs

Question 72

In photomultiplier tube, As crystal thickness increases, sensitivity improves but resolution increases or decreases?

Answer 72

decreases

Question 73

The photosensitive surface of the PMT.

Answer 73

PHOTOCATHODE

Question 74

Thin layer of an alloy such as cesium and antimony, cesium, antimony, sodium and potassium

Answer 74

PHOTOCATHODE

Question 75

Helps reduce scattered lower energy, unwanted phatons that would degrade the resolution of the image

Answer 75

PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER

Question 76

Also known as pulse height analysis.

Answer 76

SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY

Question 77

Refers to the use of a scintillation counting system to obtain an energy spectrum from a radioactive source.

Answer 77

SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY

Question 78

Determines which radionuclide are present in a sample.

Answer 78

SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY

Question 79

Determines the activity of a radionuclide in a sample

Answer 79

SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY

Question 80

Commonly used to assay the amount of radioactivity in a test tube.

Answer 80

WELL COUNTER

Question 81

Instrument designed to produce a two dimensional image of distribution of radioactivity by scanning the region of interest in successive rectilinear passes made with a shielded and collimated thallium activated sodium iodine (NaI(Tl).

Answer 81

RECTILINEAR SCANNER

Question 82

Well type gas ion chamber which a radioactive material is introduced for measurement.

Answer 82

DOSE CALIBRATOR

Question 83

Was invented by Hal Anger in the late 1950s. The most commonly used imaging instrument in NM.

Answer 83

ANGER GAMMA CAMERA

Question 84

Typically ½-2 inch thick slab of lead.

Answer 84

COLLIMATORS

Question 85

in collimators, The lead in each hole is called a what that, collectively the lead represents the septa.

Answer 85

septum

Question 85

COLLIMATORS how many inch thick slab of lead.

Answer 85

Typically ½-2 inch

Question 86

Provides an interface between the patient and scintillation crystals by only allowing those photons travelling in an appropriate direction.

Answer 86

COLLIMATORS

Question 87

The most commonly used collimator which consist of an array of parallel holes perpendicular to the crystal face.

Answer 87

PARALLEL-HOLE COLLIMATOR

Question 88

The workhorse collimator in most imaging laboratory.

Answer 88

PARALLEL-HOLE COLLIMATOR

Question 89

Presents a real image to the crystal face.

Answer 89

PARALLEL-HOLE COLLIMATOR

Question 90

Array of tapered holes that aim at a point at some distance in front of the collimator (focal point).

Answer 90

COVERGING COLLIMATORS

Question 91

Has holes that converge 40-50 cm in front of the collimator.

Answer 91

COVERGING COLLIMATORS

Question 92

For imaging of small organs.

Answer 92

COVERGING COLLIMATORS

Question 92

Presents a magnified version of the real object.

Answer 92

COVERGING COLLIMATORS

Question 93

in COVERGING COLLIMATORS, Has holes that convergehow many cm in front of the collimator.

Answer 93

40-50 cm

Question 93

The image presented to the crystal face is a minified image of the real object.

Answer 93

DIVERGING COLLIMATORS

Question 94

Essentially upside-down collimators

Answer 94

DIVERGING COLLIMATORS

Question 94

For large organs.

Answer 94

DIVERGING COLLIMATORS

Question 94

i n DIVERGING COLLIMATORS, Has holes that diverge how many cm beyond the collimator.

Answer 94

40-50 cm

Question 95

Has holes that diverge 40-50 cm beyond the collimator.

Answer 95

DIVERGING COLLIMATORS

Question 96

Thick conical collimators with a single 2.5 mm hole in the bottom center.

Answer 96

PIN-HOLE COLLIMATORS

Question 97

As the source is moved away from the surface the camera gets smaller.

Answer 97

PIN-HOLE COLLIMATORS

Question 98

For magnification study of small organs (thyroid and heart).

Answer 98

PIN-HOLE COLLIMATORS

Question 99

in PIN-HOLE COLLIMATORS, Thick conical collimators with a single how many mm hole in the bottom center.

Answer 99

2.5 mm

Question 100

what spot A radionuclide imaging finding which shows significantly less uptake by an organ.

Answer 100

COLD SPOT

Question 101

what spot Uptakes with very light accumulation of radionuclide

Answer 101

WARM SPOT

Question 102

Was discovered in 1937 by Perrier and Segre Most commonly used in NM because of the ideal half-life of 6 hours, optimum energy of 140 keV and ready availability from a generator.

Answer 102

Technetium 99m

Question 102

what spot Uptakes with very high accumulation of radionuclide.

Answer 102

HOT SPOT

Question 102

in Technetium 99m, Was discovered in 1937 by

Answer 102

Perrier and Segre

Question 103

Sulfur colloid is injected how many percent to localizes in the liver within 10- 20 minutes, the remainder is distributed to spleen and bone marrow

Answer 103

70%

Question 103

Sulfur colloid is injected 70% localizes in the liver within how many minutes, the remainder is distributed to spleen and bone marrow

Answer 103

within 10- 20 minutes

Question 103

is injected 70% localizes in the liver within 10- 20 minutes, the remainder is distributed to spleen and bone marrow

Answer 103

Sulfur colloid

Question 104

is used for kidney function studies.

Answer 104

Iodine-131 labeled Hippuran

Question 104

is used for thyroid imaging and to evaluate thyroid function (Iodine 123).

Answer 104

Radioiodine

Question 104

is replacing hippuran for kidney function studies.

Answer 104

Tc-99m MAG3

Question 105

radiopharmaceuticals for to detect tumor and infection

Answer 105

Gallium 67 citrate

Question 105

radiopharmaceuticals for used for lung ventilation studies.

Answer 105

Xenon-133

Question 106

radiopharmaceuticals for cardiac imaging

Answer 106

Thallium 201

Question 107

radiopharmaceuticals for acute infections.

Answer 107

Indium-111

Question 108

Tc-99m labeled that are used.

Answer 108

diphosphonates

Question 109

in bone scan what is Adult dose is

Answer 109

20 mCi (740 MBq) Tc-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HDP) or methylene diphosphonates (MDP).

Question 109

in MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY, radiopharmaeuticals for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

Answer 109

Thallium-201

Question 110

in bone scan, Routine survey begins how many hours after injection.

Answer 110

Routine survey begins 2-3 hours after injection.

Question 111

Useful for assessing myocardial viability in patients with known coronary artery disease and after revascularization.

Answer 111

Thallium-201

Question 112

in MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY Adult dose for stress study is

Answer 112

3 mCi (111 MBq) of Thallium-201 thallous chloride.

Question 113

in MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY Adult dose for rest study is

Answer 113

4 mCi (148 MBq).

Question 113

Tc-99m Sestamibi is used in place of Thallium-201 fow what type of patients

Answer 113

for obese patients.

Question 113

It is used to assess myocardial salvage resulting from therapeutic intervention in acute infarction, to determine the myocardial blood flow during periods of spontaneous chest pain

Answer 113

99MTC SESTAMIBI MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY

Question 114

to diagnose coronary artery disease in obese patients.

Answer 114

99MTC SESTAMIBI MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY

Question 115

The adult do e for the stress study is 10 to 30 mCi (370 to 1100 MBq) of 99mTc sestamibi administered what

Answer 115

intravenously at peak stress.

Question 116

The adult dose for rest study is 10 to 30 mCi (370 to 1100 M Bq) of 99mTc sestamibi administered The adult dose for rest study is 10 to 30 mCi (370 to 1100 M Bq) of 99mTc sestamibi administered

Answer 116

intravenousl y before the rest study

Question 117

in brain, 20 mCi with imaging 10-15 minutes after injection of Tc- 99m ECD and how many hours after of what

Answer 117

1 hour after Tc-99m HMPAO

Question 117

in brain, 20 mCi with imaging 10-how any after injection of what and 1 hour after Tc-99m HMPAO

Answer 117

10-15 minutes after injection of Tc- 99m ECD

Question 118

radiopharmaceuticals for thyroid scan

Answer 118

Tc-99m pertechnetate Iodine-131 sodium iodide

Question 118

in thyroid scan, teh Adult dose is

Answer 118

5 mCi.

Question 118

in brain, radiopharmaceuticals for determination of brain death.

Answer 118

Tc-99m (Hexamethylpropyleneamine-oxime) HMPAO

Question 119

true or false. All doses of iodine 131 sodium iodide are administered orally.

Answer 119

true

Question 119

true or false. Not all doses of iodine 131 sodium iodide are administered orally.

Answer 119

false, all doses

Question 119

in thyroid scan, The adult dose for a standard uptake test is

Answer 119

3 to microcurieC (148 to 222 kBq) of iodine 131.

Question 120

is used to evaluate the liver for functional disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis, metastatic disease)

Answer 120

Liver and/or spleen scanning

Question 120

in LIVER/SPLEEN, Adult receive

Answer 120

6 mCi ( 222 M Bq ) of 99mTc sulfur colloid or 99mTc albumin colloid injected intravenousIy.

Question 120

The gas used for a ventilation study must be absorbed

Answer 120

Lung ventilation

Question 121

are used in combination with lung perfusion scans.

Answer 121

Lung ventilation

Question 122

significantly by the lungs and diffuse easily.

Answer 122

Lung ventilation

Question 123

in LUNG PERFUSION STUDY, The adult dose is

Answer 123

4 mCi ( 148 MBq ) of 99m Tc macroaggregated albumin (MAA).

Question 123

in Lung ventilation, The adult dose is

Answer 123

1 5 to 30 mCi (555 to 1110 MBq ) of l33 Xe gas administered by inhalation.

Question 124

in LUNG PERFUSION STUDY, Imaging starts when after the injection.

Answer 124

Imaging starts 5 minutes after the injection.

Question 125

in LUNG PERFUSION STUDY, All patients should have a chest radiograph within how many hours of the lung scan.

Answer 125

All patients should have a chest radiograph within 24 hours of the lung scan.

Question 126

is required for accurate interpretation of the lung scans, to determine the probability for pulmonary embolism.

Answer 126

The chest radiograph

Question 127

in THERAPEUTIC STUDIES, radiopharmaceuticals for hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer.

Answer 127

Iodine 131 in

Question 127

in THERAPEUTIC STUDIES, radiopharmaceuticals for bone.

Answer 127

Strontium 89

Question 128

half- life of technetium-99m

Answer 128

6 hours

Question 129

half- life of gallium-67

Answer 129

3.25 days

Question 129

half- life of indium-111

Answer 129

2.8 days

Question 130

half- life of iodine-125

Answer 130

60 days

Question 131

half- life of iodine-131

Answer 131

8.07 days

Question 131

half- life of iodine-123

Answer 131

13 hours

Question 132

half- life of xenon-133

Answer 132

5.25 days

Question 133

half- life of thallium-201

Answer 133

3.04 days

Question 134

Half life of technetium-99m

Answer 134

6 hours

Question 135

Half life of gallium-67

Answer 135

3.25 days

Question 136

Half life of iodine-125

Answer 136

60 days

Question 137

Half life of indium-111

Answer 137

2.8 days

Question 138

Half life of iodine 123

Answer 138

13 hours

Question 139

Half life of iodine 131

Answer 139

8.07 days

Question 140

Half life of xenon 133

Answer 140

5.25 days

Question 141

Half life of thallium 201

Answer 141

3.04 days