PRELIM Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
estimated new cases: females how many percentage who has breast cancer?
A
31%, 297,790
2
Q
estimated new cases: males how many percentage who has prostate cancer?
A
29%, 288,330
3
Q
estimated death: males how many percentage who has lung&bronchus?
A
21%, 67,160
3
Q
estimated death: females how many percentage who has lung&bronchus?
A
21% 59,910
4
Q
in number of new cases in 2020 both sexes all ages, how many percentage of breast cancer has?
A
17.7% (27,163)
5
Q
BREAST CANCER….
A
- IS EMOTIONAL
- IS BIOLOGIC
5
Q
The most treatable cancer
A
BREAST CANCER
6
Q
This malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed toward developing breast cancer screening and early detection methods.
A
BREAST CANCER
6
Q
True or false. does breast cancer malignancy is most treatable when it is okay to late detected
A
False, malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early
7
Q
how does breast cancer malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed toward?
A
developing breast cancer screening and early detection methods.
7
Q
The most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical mastectomy was introduced by Halstead in what year?
A
1898.
8
Q
The most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical mastectomy was introduced by
A
Halstead
9
Q
The most important innovation in breast cancer control since what? was introduced by Halstead in 1898.
A
radical mastectomy
10
Q
The primary goal: to detect breast cancer before what?
A
before it is palpable.
10
Q
In what year, a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.
A
1924
10
Q
In 1924 a group of female or male radiologists? NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.
A
male radiologists
10
Q
In 1924 a group of male radiologists where did assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.
A
Rochester, NY
11
Q
In 1924 a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled what?
A
around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.
11
Q
In 1924 a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.
Their thoughts and discussions turned toward speculation about the ability what ?
A
the ability to xray the breast to locate tumors
11
Q
in what year did Robert Egan, MD did became a father of mammography at M.D. Anderson Hospital
A
1960s
11
Q
who was german physician Reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers.
A
Dr. Soloman - German physician
12
Q
Father of Mammography
A
Robert Egan, MD
12
Q
who is M.D. Anderson Hospital
A
Robert Egan, MD
12
Q
when was Reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers.
A
1913
12
when was Using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread.
1913
12
who was german physician Using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread.
Dr. Soloman - German physician
13
who Made the first published radiograph of a living person's breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors.
Otto Kleinschmidt
14
in what year did Otto Kleinschmidt Made the first published radiograph of a living person's breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors.
1927
14
in what year publications on mammography appeared in South America, the United States, and Europe but still the use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest.
1930s
14
in 1930s - publications on mammography appeared in what places? but still the use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest.
South America, the United States, and Europe
14
in what year mammography was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinements as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high-detail, industrial-grade x-ray film
Mid 1950s
14
in mid-1950s was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinements as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high-detail, industrial-grade x-ray film
mammography
14
in what year Xerography was introduced and was popularized by Wolfe and Ruzicka.
1960s
15
in 1960s, Xerography was introduced and was popularized by ?
Wolfe and Ruzicka.
15
Many physicians found this easier images to understand and evaluate, became widely used for evaluating breast disease.
xerographic images
15
substantially lowered the radiation dose received by the patient compared with the dose received using industrial grade x-ray film
Xerography
15
Many physicians found this is easier to understand and evaluate,and became widely used for evaluating breast disease.
xeromammography
15
first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster-speed x-ray film and an intensifying screen.
duPont Company
15
The first attempts at widespread population screening began at this time.
Xerography
16
As a result, radiation exposure to the patient was reduced even more.
duPont Company
16
in 1975, who was improved screen-film combinations.
Kodak and duPont
17
in 1973 what Project was implemented.
The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)
17
in what year The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was implemented.
1973
17
in 1973, The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was implemented. In this project, how many women? underwent annual screening for breast cancer for 5 years at 29 locations throughout the United States.
280,000 women
17
in 1973, The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was implemented.
In this project, 280,000 women underwent annual screening for breast cancer for how many years? and how many locations?
5 years at 29 locations in the United States.
18
who Organized project demonstrated unequivocally that screening, physical examination, mammography, and BSE could provide an early diagnosis.
American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
19
Organized by the American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) project demonstrated unequivocally that screening, physical examination, mammography, and BSE could providewhat?
an early diagnosis.
19
when was Kodak and duPont improved screen-film combinations.
1975
20
in what year Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.
1992
20
in 1992, Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was implemented to mandate the
maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs
20
in what year Since then, faster lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced.
1975
20
in 1975, By this time, could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures.
extremely high-quality mammography images
21
in 1992 , what act was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.
Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA)
21
true or false. in mid1970s, Although this perception is false, fear of radiation exposure still causes some women to refuse mammography, and many women who undergo the examination are concerned about exposure levels and the resultant risk of carcinogenesis.
true
21
in 1975, Kodak and duPont improved what?
screen-film combinations
22
true or false. in mid1970s, Although this perception is true, fear of radiation exposure still causes some women to refuse mammography, and many women who undergo the examination are concerned about exposure levels and the resultant risk of carcinogenesis.
false, there perception is false
22
exists to suggest that the small doses of diagnostic x-rays used in mammography can induce breast cancer.
No direct evidence
22
when was public perception was that radiation exposure from diagnostic x-rays would induce more breast cancers than would be detected.
Mid 1970s
22
is a concern, radiologic examinations need to be performed with only the radiation dose that is necessary for providing accurate detection.
breast irradiation
23
influence the glandular tissue of the breast during breast development, pregnancy, and lactation;
Hormones
23
what tissue is more sensitive to carcinogens during menarche.
glandular breast tissue
23
High-risk women include those with early menses, late menopause, first
first birth after age 30 years, and nulliparity.
23
decline at the onset of menopause.
hormone levels
24
A woman whose daughter, sister, or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at higher risk of developing the disease.
FAMILY HISTORY
24
The incidence of breast cancer increases with ___
AGE
25
divide the superficial fascia into anterior and posterior components.
mammary glands
25
studies have shown that only how many percent ? of known breast cancers are found in women with a family history of the disease
13.6%
25
are lobulated glandular structure located within the superficial fascia of the anterolateral surface of the thorax of both males and females.
breasts (mammary glands)
25
are only rarely subject to abnormalities, such as neoplasms, that require radiologic evaluation.
Male breasts
26
in female breasts, Secondary sex characteristics and function as accessory glands to the reproductive system by what?
by producing and secreting milk during lactation.
26
In males, the breasts are
rudimentary and without function.
26
vary considerably in size and shape, depending on the amount of fat and glandular tissue and the condition of the suspensory ligaments.
Female breasts
26
Each breast is what usually shaped?
Each breast is usually cone-shaped
26
Each breast is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface of the breast overlying in?
overlying the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.
26
is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface of the breast overlying the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.
Each breast
26
in breasts, These muscles extend from the second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib and from?
near the lateral margin of the sternum laterally toward the anterior axillary plane.
26
in breast, These muscles extend from the what rib?
These muscles extend from the second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib
26
An additional portion of breast tissue,in what that it extends from the upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa
the axillary prolongation or axillary tail
26
An additional portion of breast tissue, the axillary prolongation or axillary tail, extends from the?
upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa
26
The breast tapers anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called what?
the areola.
26
in what part anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called the areola.
The breast tapers
26
It is the condition of these ligaments, and not the relative fat content, that gives the breasts their firmness or lack of firmness
Cooper 's ligaments
26
suspensory ligaments that extend from the posterior layers of the superficial fascia through the anterior fascia into the subcutaneous tissue and skin.
Cooper 's ligaments
26
The adult female breast consists of how many lobes, which are distributed so that more lobes are superior and lateral than inferior and medial.
15 to 20 lobes
26
The breasts are supported by what?
Cooper 's ligaments
26
in Cooper 's ligament,the condition of these ligaments, and not the relative fat content, that gives the breasts their firmness or lack of what?
lack of firmness
26
The adult female breast consists of 15 to 20 lobes, which are distributed so that more lobes are?
superior and lateral than inferior and medial.
26
larger or smaller breasts will not be entirely demonstrated on small image receptors.
Larger breasts
26
Conversely, should not be imaged on larger cassettes because other body structures will interfere with the compression device and thus produce an unacceptable image.
smaller breasts
26
in tissue variation, are soft tissue density structures.
The glandular and connective tissues of the breast
26
The lobules contains of what
the glandular elements, or acini
26
in mammography, this is also an important consideration.
The natural mobility of the breast
26
The ability to demonstrate radiographic detail within the breast depends on what?
fat within and between the breast lobules and the fat surrounding the breasts.
27
In women who do not become pregnant, what happened to thebreasts?
the breasts may remain dense for many years.
27
Contains primarily dense connective tissue and casts a relatively homogeneous radiographic image with little tissue differentiation.
POST PUBERTAL ADOLESCENT BREAST
27
in POST PUBERTAL ADOLESCENT BREAST, The development of glandular tissue decrease what?
decrease radiographic contrast.
27
in Craniocaudal projection of normal breast in a 19-year-old woman who has never been pregnant. what happened to there breasts?
the dense glandular tissues with small amounts of fat.
27
in Mediolateral projection of normal breast in a 24-year-old woman who has had two pregnancies. what happened to there breasts?
decreased volume of glandular tissue and increased amount of fat.
27
in Craniocaudal projection of breast of a 42- year-old woman with fibrocystic condition, illustrating what happened to there breasts?
prominent dilated ducts.
27
in Craniocaudal projection of normal breasts of a 68-year-old woman.what happened to there breasts?
Most of the glandular tissue is atrophic.
27
in what stages, Significant hypertrophy of glands and ducts occurs within the breast.
This change causes the breasts to become extremely dense and opaque.
DURING PREGNANCY
27
The basic considerations for equipment should include the following:
Space
Portability
Electrical Requirements
Ergonomics
27
Diagrammatic profile drawings of breast, illustrating the most likely variation and distribution of radiographic density related to the normal life cycle from
adolescence to senescence.
27
illustrating the most likely variation and distribution of radiographic density related to the normal life cycle from adolescence to senescence.
Diagrammatic profile drawings of breast
28
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) - established guidelines that require using a dedicated unit when performing screen–film mammography.
ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY UNIT
28
in breast conditions, This normal sequence may be altered by external factors such as
- pregnancy
- hormone medications
- surgical menopause,
- fibrocystic breast condition.
28
established guidelines that require using a dedicated unit when performing screen–film mammography.
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
28
in PORTABILITY, If the unit is used at various locations (a truly mobile environment), be sure to what it in a realistic setting.
“test drive”
28
BASIC COMPONENTS of MAMMOGRAPHY
- C- ARM
- ELECTRONIC CONTROLS
- COMPRESSION DEVICETO-RECEPTOR DISTANCE
- TUBE HOUSING OR FACE SHIELD
- FOOT CONTROLS
- IRSD
- CONTROL PANEL
- DENSITY SELECTION
- KILOVOLTAGE
- MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION
- TIME SELECTION
- SOURCE-IMAGE DETECTOR DISTANCE
- COLLIMATORS
- NEEDLE LOCALIZATION CAPABILITY
- FIELD LIGHT
- BREAST THICKNESS SCALE
- ALIGNMENT
- AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUE SELECTION
- EXPOSURE CONTROL
- RADIATION SHIELD
- FILTERS
- BACKUP TIMER
- AEC
28
in ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
Some units plug into wall outlets, while others require what wiring to be installed?
threephase or 220 wiring to be installed.
28
what are DARKROOM AND PROCESSING CONSIDERATIONS
- SAFELIGHTS
- AIR QUALITY
- TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
- DUST MANAGEMENT
- VENTILATION
- PROCESSOR MAINTENANCE
- CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT
- ARTIFACTS
- DEDICATED PROCESSING
- PROCESSING ARTIFACTS
- ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS
- FILM AND SCREEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS
28
The point at which the C-arm which what from the craniocaudal position to the oblique position, the height does not need to be adjusted.
connects to the tower/collar should be isocentrically designed
28
in C-ARM, what is Minimum range of travel above the floor?
66 to 140 cm above the floor.
29
in c-arm, It should rotate at least how many degrees.
at least 180 degrees.
29
The final compression of the breast should be done using a
hand-controlled device.
29
IRSD means
Image Receptor Support Device
29
should be available to the client to maintain a difficult or awkward position. These handles should be different from the technologist’s handles, which contain the switches for operating the C-arm movements.
Grips or handles
29
C-arm’s range of vertical movement should accommodate both tall women (approximately what feet) and those who need to sit.
approximately 6 feet
30
Permit fast and easy exchange of different size film Buckys or cassettes.
Image Receptor Support Device
or IRSD
30
The amount of compression exerted by the foot pedal control should be
minimal.
30
in basic componenets of mammohraphy It should be easy to read and to adjust.
CONTROL PANEL
30
in CONTROL PANEL, All units must have
automatic exposure control (AEC)
30
in IRSD, Both imaging systems should be available to match the size of the receptor to the size of the breast being imaged.
18 x 24 cm and 24 x 30 cm
31
in density selection, There should be a how many difference in optical density between steps.
10% to 15%
31
in control panel, When the exposure has ended, the control panel should indicate
the exposure factors used.
31
in density selection, At least how many density adjustment steps should be available.
At least nine density adjustment steps should be available
32
in KILOVOLTAGE
Molybdenum Target Units – range of at least how many kvp?
at least 24 to 32 kVp in no greater than 1 kVp increments.
33
in basic components of mammography, may be fixed or variable
MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION
34
in KILOVOLTAGE, Rhodium Target Units – range ofhow many kvp?
at least 28 to 38 kVp in no greater than 1 kVp increments.
35
in MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION
If the mA value automatically decreases while increasing the kVp, it should occur outside the range of settings routinely used for
for screen–film mammography: the 25 to 30 kVp range.
35
in TIME SELECTION Short exposures – the grid is not what? when using a grid on a thin adipose-replaced breast.
“caught in motion”
35
in SOURCE-IMAGE DETECTOR DISTANCE
what is Standard imaging SID:
and what is the Magnification imaging SID:
Standard imaging SID: 55 cm
Magnification imaging SID: 60 cm
35
in TIME SELECTION , the time setting must surpass the reciprocity law failure of the recording system.
Long exposures
35
Fixed apertures
Interchangeable cones of various sizes
Internal set of collimating blades
COLLIMATORS
35
in NEEDLE LOCALIZATION CAPABILITY , is required if the equipment has preoperative needle localization capabilities.
A side-loading cassette holder or Bucky
36
in FIELD LIGHT
The brightness of the light source should be
160 LUX or higher.
37
in BREAST THICKNESS SCALE , The scales should be accurate to within what cm
within 0.5 cm.
37
The focal spot, compression device, and image receptor must align perfectly at the chest wall edge to ensure that all posterior breast tissue is included.
ALIGNMENT
37
Units must have a postexposure display that indicates the technical factors used.
AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUE SELECTION
38
The operator can make an exposure only when completely outside of the x-ray field
EXPOSURE CONTROL
38
in TIME SELECTION, the grid is not “caught in motion” when using a grid on a thin adipose-replaced breast.
Short exposures
38
in BREAST THICKNESS SCALE
should be available.
Separate scales for grid versus non-grid versus magnification imaging
38
in FIELD LIGHT , Misalignment of the x-ray/light field can be a maximum of
2% of the SID.
38
is to produce an image using an acceptable length of exposure time to reduce motion blurring and/or client dose, but without compromising the image quality.
AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUE SELECTION
39
in RADIATION SHIELD , This is to limit operator exposure to well below
below 0.1 mSv/week based on 40 patients/day, 5 days/week
39
in SAFELIGHTS, Safelight filters that correspond with what light-sensitive films should be installed in lamps located at least 4 feet above the work area.
green light-sensitive films
39
This device must maintain consistent optical density darkening of the film regardless of the kVp setting used, thickness of the compressed breast, and/or ratio of glandular-to-adipose components.
AEC automatic exposure control
39
in SAFELIGHTS
Safelight filters that correspond with green light-sensitive films should be installed in lamps located at least how many feet above the work area.
at least 4 feet above the work area.
39
in RADIATION SHIELD , Equivalent attenuation to at least
0.08 mm of lead at 35 kVp or the maximum kVp.
40
in SAFELIGHTS these are a few examples of this type of filter.
The Kodak GBX-2 and Wratten 1 or 2
40
It terminates the exposure with a sound or visual indicator.
BACKUP TIMER
40
in BACKUP TIMER , It terminates the exposure with a sound or visual indicator.
The suggested limits are
250 mAs minimum to 600 mAs maximum.
41
in SAFELIGHTS, No more than a how many watt bulb in an overhead-ceiling fixture
No more than a 15-watt bulb in an overhead-ceiling fixture
41
in SAFELIGHTS, These filters should be changed periodically, every how many years, as they deteriorate with time and use
every 1 to 2 years
41
in TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
Temperature of the darkroom should be set at approximately
70°F
41
in SAFELIGHTS, no more than how many watts in closer fixtures.
no more than 7.5 watts in closer fixtures.
42
in AIR QUALITY
major factors that influence obtaining a quality radiographic image:
- Temperature and Humidity
- and Ventilation
42
in TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY, The humidity of the air in the darkroom should be set between
30% and 50%.
42
major factors that influence obtaining a quality radiographic image
AIR QUALITY
43
Poor airflow to the processor can hinder image quality, causing streaking and mottling of the emulsion.
VENTILATION
43
in TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY, If the humidity of the darkroom air rises about how many percent, small droplets of water from the air may cling to the film and cause the emulsion to clump.
Above 50%
43
is necessary not only for image quality, but also to ensure the health of technologists and darkroom personnel.
Adequate ventilation
43
is the darkroom’s nemesis, particularly to darkrooms that process mammography films.
Dust
43
in DUST MANAGEMENT
Because single-emulsion films and single-intensifying screen systems are used routinely for mammography, what particles are more evident.
dust and lint
44
in DUST MANAGEMENT, They can obscure an area of minute, which can lead to misdiagnosis
calcifications, or can mimic cancer
45
IN TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY, If the air becomes too dry (less than 30% humidity) what happened to film
static marks may appear on the film
45
may cause a buildup of chemical fumes in the darkroom, which may lead to chronic headaches and nausea in people who spend a significant amount of time in this environment
Poor exhaust ventilation
45
Dust is what in darkroom, particularly to darkrooms that process mammography films.
darkroom’s nemesis
46
Monitored as part of the quality assurance program because improper solution replenishment can be detrimental to film quality.
CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT
46
specifically for the use of single emulsion films can reduce the risk of processor-related damage, and in some instances, as with extended processing, can control the film contrast and speed.
DEDICATED PROCESSING
46
Most mammographic film used is
single emulsion.
46
Mammography film is especially susceptible to what
artifacts
46
Artifacts that occur during the processing procedure, within the processor, by one or more of the processor’s components.
PROCESSING ARTIFACTS
47
Mammography films are more likely to be viewed with , which expose more artifacts to the viewer.
magnifiers and high luminance lightboxes
47
examples of processing artifacts
These can include roller marks, guide shoe marks, chatter, run back, and more
48
in CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT, If solution levels become too or high or low? when, sediment from the tanks could enter the processor, and cause damage.
low
49
in ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS
Low humidity in the darkroom can cause
static on films
49
in PROCESSING ARTIFACTS this can cause a repeating artifact on films that will run parallel to the direction of film travel.
Improperly cleaned or worn rollers
49
in FILM AND SCREEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS , can also cause artifacts; handle films by the edges while loading and unloading cassettes
Fingerprints on the film
49
in ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS, High humidity can
splotch the image
50
units must have a postexposure display that indicates the technical factors used.
automatic technique selection
