prelim Flashcards
1
Q
Greek root means “to cut apart.”
-Study of STRUCTURES body parts, FORMS and their relationship to one another.
- Deals with the study of how the body structures are organized and physiology deals and how these structures function.
- Delves into the identification, description, and classification of the body’s components, from the smallest cells to the largest organs.
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Complements anatomy by exploring the functioning of biological systems and mechanisms within the body.
Investigates how these structures work together to maintain homeostasis.
Study processes like the function of the heart in circulation, the role of muscles in movement, and the operation of various organ systems.
A
Physiology
3
Q
is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
A
Homeostasis
4
Q
What are the two Basic Approaches to the Study of Anatomy
A
- Systemic Anatomy
- Regional Anatomy
5
Q
It is the study of the body by systems and is approach taken in this.
A
Systemic Anatomy.
6
Q
It is the study of the organization of the body by areas.
All systems are studied simultaneously within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm.
A
Regional Anatomy
7
Q
What are the Systemic Anatomy?
A
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
8
Q
It is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures
A
Surface Anatomy
9
Q
This involved the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
A
Anatomic Imaging
10
Q
To understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli
To understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment.
A
Major Goals of Physiology
11
Q
-LARGE, EASILY OBSERVABLE.
-Structures inside the organs can be seen w the naked eye.
- The study of the larger structures of the body and its parts, those visible without the aid of magnification.
A
Gross Anatomy
12
Q
- Deals with structures that is too small to be seen by the naked eye.
- Very small structures
- Can only be viewed with a microscope
- Study of cells and tissues
- It refers to the scientific study of the body’s structure which can be very small and can only be viewed and analvzed through a tool.
A
Microscopic anatomy
13
Q
the study of tissues called?
A
Histology
14
Q
- The smallest unit of life that can exist independently.
- A living being that has cellular structures that can independently perform all physiologic functions for life.
A
Cell
15
Q
It is the study of a specific organism, the human.
A
Human Physiology
16
Q
These are examples of physiology that emphasize specific organizational levels.
A
Cellular and Systemic Physiology
17
Q
What are the Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body?
A
- Chemical Level
- Cell
- Tissues
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
18
Q
Level of organization involves interactions among atoms and their combinations into molecules.
A
Chemical Level
19
Q
Tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins.
A
Atoms
20
Q
When combined it will create organelles (small structures that make up cells)
A
Molecules
21
Q
- Is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell membrane.
- Single Cell
A
Cellular Cell
22
Q
Molecule used by cells for a source of energy.
A
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
23
Q
▪ a group of similar cells and materials surrounding them.
A
Tissues
24
Q
What are the four primary tissues?
A
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous.
25
- Found throughout the body where it covers internal and external surfaces.
- Outer Layer of the skin
- Lining of Cavities
- Blood vessels
- The type of tissue that can be found all over the body that covers the internal and external surfaces of the body including the blood vessels and glands.
Epithelial Tissue
26
- Characterized by large amounts of extracellular materials, or extra cellular matrix which has three major components: protein fibers, ground substance consisting of non-fibrous protein and other molecules and fluid.
- Estimatedly an individual might have 5 - 6 liters of blood or about 8% of his total body weight. Blood is what type of tissue?
Connective Tissue
27
Ability to contract, or shorten, making movement possible. Sometimes called muscle fibers because they often resemble tiny threads.
Muscle tissues
28
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth muscle.
29
- Tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- It is responsible for COORDINATING and CONTROLLING many bodily activities
Nervous Tissue
30
- Composed of two or more tissue types, that performs a specific function for the body.
- Organ level of organization
Organ
31
- A group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions.
Organ System.
32
What are the Digestive system?
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus.
33
Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as BACTERIUM, or trillion of CELLS, such as a human.
Organism Level
34
It is the external covering of the body that provides protection, regulates temperature by excreting salts and urea in perspiration, prevents water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors.
Integumentary System.
35
Integumentary System consists of what?
- Hair
- Skin
- Nails
- Sweat glands
36
- The Patella, sternum, pelvis, and ribs are parts of what system of the human body?
- Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produce blood cells, and stores minerals and fat, and consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal System
37
Formation of blood cells goes within the cavities of the skeleton.
hematopoiesis
38
Acts as a storehouse for minerals
Hard substances Bones
39
- To contract or shorten
- Allow locomotion
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
Muscular System
40
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movement, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions, consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
A person touches a hot stove and quickly pulls their hand away without thinking. Which system is primarily responsible for this rapid response?
Nervous System
41
- A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions, consists of glands such as ovaries, pituitary, pineal body, thyroid, adrenals that usually secrete hormones.
- A doctor diagnoses a patient with diabetes, a condition related to insulin regulation. Which system is primarily involved in this condition?
- During puberty, teenagers experience rapid growth and changes in body composition.
Endocrine System
42
- Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
- Plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood, aorta, brachial artery.
Cardiovascular System
43
- It also removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
- The human body's cardiovascular system, which is a complement to the other systems, is also in charge of keeping germs out of our bodies.
Lymphatic System
44
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
- A doctor is treating a patient with difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen levels in their blood. Which system of the human body is primarily involved in this situation?
Respiratory System
45
Their role is to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells.
After eating a large meal, an individual feels tired as their body begins to process the food. Which system is primarily responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients?
Digestive System
46
- A marathon runner experiences muscle cramps due to an imbalance of electrolytes after a race. Which system is primarily responsible for maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the body?
- Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
47
Exists primarily to produce offspring.
Reproductive System
48
It is the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward.
Anatomical Position.
49
Front of the body
Anterior
50
anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs
Abdominal
51
point of shoulder
Acromial
52
anterior surface of elbow
Antecubital
53
armpit
Axillary
54
arm
Brachial
55
cheek area
Buccal
56
wrist
Carpal
57
neck region
Cervical
58
hip
Coxal
59
leg
Crural
60
fingers, toes
Digital
61
thigh
Femoral
62
Lateral part of leg
Fibular
63
Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
Inguinal
64
nose area
Nasal
65
Mouth
Oral
66
Eye area
Orbital
67
Anterior area of the knee
Patellar
68
genital area
Pubic
69
breast bone
Sternal
70
ankle
Tarsal
71
Chest
Thoracic
72
Navel
Umbilical
73
visible dip in between the neck,
Suprasternal notch
74
It is often used as a technical term in biology or medicine to refer to the back side of things.
Posterior
75
head
Cephalic
76
curve of shoulder formed by large ____ muscle
Deltoid
77
buttocks
Gluteal
78
Area of back between ribs and hips
Lumbar
79
Posterior surface of the head
Occipital
80
Posterior area of the knee
Popliteal
81
Area between hips
Sacral
82
The posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
Sural
83
Area of spine
Vertebral
84
Posterior/back part of the neck
Nuchal
85
Bone located posteriorly medial to the gluteal
Coccyx
86
- Cranial or Cephalad
- Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body above
- The forehead is _______ to the nose
Superior
87
- Caudal
- Away from the head end Toward the lower part of the structure or the body; below
- The navel is _______ to the breastbone
Inferior
88
- Ventral
- Toward or at the front of the body; In front of
- The breastbone is ___________ to the spine.
Anterior
89
- Dorsal
- Toward or at the backside of the body; Behind
- The heart is ____________ to the breastbone
Posterior
90
- Toward or at the midline of the body; On the inner side of
- The heart is ______ to the arm
Medial
91
- Away from the midline of the body; On the outer side of the
- The arms are _____ to the chest
Lateral
92
- Between a more medial and a more lateral surface
- The armpit is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder
Intermediate
93
- Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
- The elbow is _______________ to the wrist (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulders.
Proximal
94
- Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
- The knee is _________ to the thigh
Distal
95
- Toward or at the body surface
- The skin is ____________ to the skeleton
Superficial
96
- Away from the body surface; More internal
- The lungs are ____________ to the ribcage
Deep
97
t/f The brain does require a constant supply of oxygen and glucose to function properly.
true
98
necessary for the body to have this So that it can perform the exhange of gases and keep other organs functioning.
Healthy Lungs
99
A group of third-year Psychology students had their wilderness expedition at Mt. Apo however, some were separated from the group and left with limited resources. The weather is mild, and the hikers have access to a stream of freshwater, but no food supplies. What should be the hikers’ primary concern to maintain life until rescued?
Finding shelter to avoid exposure.
100
Is necessary for maintaining overall health and well-being.
Adequate sleep
101
Plays a significant role in detoxifying the body and processing nutrients
Liver
102
A stable internal body temperature is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes in the human body.
homeostasis
102
Has impact on maintaining a healthy body.
Regular physical activity
103
What is an example/ part of reproduction?
- Mitosis
- Asexual reproduction
- Meiosis
104
A rescuer team together with the research team are studying an isolated, underground environment where air circulation is minimal. The scientists are trying to determine how long a small group of people can survive in this environment without intervention. What would be most critical to monitor to ensure the survival of the group?
The concentration of oxygen in the air.
105
What is an example of excretion?
- Urinating (Urination)
- Breathing out carbon dioxide
- Sweating
106
Responsiveness is the ability of the organism to react to the stimulus in its environment. What are the example of responsiveness
- Heart rate increasing
- Sweating
- Dilation of pupils.
107
An astronaut is on a space mission where the temperature regulation system in their spacecraft fails. The temperature inside the spacecraft begins to rise rapidly. What is the most immediate risk to the astronaut's survival in this situation?
Dehydration due to excessive sweating.
108
This process converts food into usable energy for the body.
Catabolism
109
Is the process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, often requiring energy input.
Anabolism
110
Is a survival need
Breathing Oxygen
111
Patient Julius is admitted to the emergency room after being found unconscious in a locked, airtight room. The patient has no visible injuries. What requirement for human life should the medical team assess first?
Airway, breathing, and circulation
112
- Can survive with water for several weeks.
- Can survive in environments with high oxygen levels as long as the person has access to food and water
Human Body
113
Need a proper of this one so that can directly affect oxygen intake.
atmospheric pressure
114
Why do we require oxygen?
To convert food to usable energy.
115
This is the ability of the organisms to react to different stimuli in the internal and external environments.
Irritability
116
What are the example of movements that were created by human body processes?
- Absorption of nutrients
- Blood circulation
- Contracting muscles
117
A group of scientists is designing a habitat for humans to live on other planets. They need to prioritize which life-sustaining systems to develop first. Which system should be their top priority to ensure the survival of inhabitants?
Oxygen generation and carbon dioxide removal system.
118
Maintaining emotional and mental well-being is related to
Physical health
119
- Overall body weight changes from 100 pounds to 110 pounds.
- Liver is 10 ounces and increases to 13 ounces.
- Waist changes from 25 inches to 30 inches.
120
Heart increases from two chambers to four.
development
121
Is critical for human survival than maintaining adequate oxygen levels.
Body temperature regulation
122
Cannot survive indefinitely without sunlight as long as they have access to food, water, and oxygen.
Humans
123
What are the necessary life function?
- Movement
- Reproduction
- Responsiveness
- Excretion
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Digestion
124
- Excreti
125
Maintaining a stable body temperature is crucial for ______.
Survival
126
How long can an average person live without water?
3days
127
Means nature
Physio
128
Means study
Logy
129
shoulder blade region
Scapular
130
heel
Calcaneal
131
Sole
Plantar
132
Any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism. Usually refers to the space where internal organs develop, located between the skin and the outer lining of the gut cavity.
Body Cavity
133
The ventral body cavity
because it is by far the largest one in volume.
Human Body Cavity.
134
Humans have multiple body cavities (Cranial, vertebral, thoracic. Abdominal, and pelvic cavity).
The Body Cavities.
135
* It is a cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal plane of the body dividing the body into right and left parts.
Sagittal Section
136
- It is called medial section.
- If the cut is made down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size
Midsaggital
137
- It is also called coronal section.
- A cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal Section
138
What are the Body Planes and Sections?
- Saggital Section
- Frontal
- Transverse
139
- It is called a cross section
- A cut made along horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts.
Transverse Section
140
It has two subdivisions, which are continuous with each other:
Dorsal Body Cavity
141
The space inside the bony skull
The Cranial Cavity
142
Which is the continuation of the brain, is protected by the vertebrae, which surround the spinal cavity.
The spinal cord
143
* It is much larger than the dorsal cavity, contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen.
Ventral Body Cavity
143
What are the two subdivisions of Ventral Body Cavity?
* The Superior Thoracic Cavity
* The Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity
144
It is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle respiration, the diaphragm.
Superior Thoracic Cavity
145
The organs in this are Heart, lungs and others are somewhat protected by the rib cage
thoracic cavity
146
* Cavity pertaining to the organs in the abdominal cavity: Stomach, Small intestines, Large intestines, Liver and Other organs
* In the Pelvic Cavity: Reproductive organs, Urinary, Rectum
Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity
147
A scheme commonly used by the medical personnel to divide the abdominal cavity into four equal regions.
Quadrants.
148
What are the organs in Left Upper Quadrants?
* Liver
* Left Adrenal Gland
* Stomach
* Left Kidney
* Pancreas
* Spleen
* Transverse Colon
* Small Intestines
148
What are the organs in Right Upper Quadrants?
* Liver
* Stomach
* Gallbladder
* Duodenum
* Right Kidney
* Pancreas
* Transverse colon
* Right Adrenal gland
* Small Intestine
149
What are the organs in Right Lower Quadrants?
* Small Intestines
* Large Intestines
* Cecum (Caecum)
* Appendix
* Right Ureter
150
What are the organs in Left Lower Quadrants?
* Small Intestines
* Large Intestines
* Left Ureter
* Sigmoid Colon
* Left Reproductive Organs
151
Another system used mainly by anatomists to divide abdominopelvic cavity separately.
Nine Regions.
152
What organs are in the Right Hypochondriac Region?
* Liver
* Right kidney
* Gall bladder
* Large/small intestine
153
What organs are in the Epigastric Region?
* Liver
* Stomach
* Spleen
* Duodenum
* Adrenal glands Abdominal
* pancreas
154
What organs are in the Left Hypochondriac Region?
* Liver’s tip
* Stomach
* Pancreas
* Left kidney
* Large/small intestines
155
What organs are in the Right Lumbar Region?
* Ascending Colon
* Small Intestines
* Right Kidney
156
What organs are in the Umbilical Region?
* Duodenum
* Small Intestines
* Transverse Colon
157
What organs are in the Left Lumbar Region?
* Descending Colon
* Small Intestines
* Left Kidney
158
What organs are in the Right Iliac Region?
* Appendix
* Cecum
* Ascending Colon Abdominal Regions
* Small Intestines
159
What organs are in the Hypogastric Region?
* Urinary bladder
* Sigmoid Colon
* Small Intestines
* Reproductive Organs
160
What organs are in the Left Iliac Region?
* Sigmoid Colon
* Descending Colon
* Small Intestine
161
What are the Membranes of the
Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity?
- Serous Membrane
- Parietal Layers
- Visceral Layer
- Fluid–filled space
162
One of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic or abdominal cavities.
Serous Membrane.
163
- Layers of the membranes lines the wall of the body cavity.
- Refers to the a cavity wall.
Parietal Layers
164
Layer of the membranes covers the organs (the Viscera).
Visceral Layer
165
The very thin space between the parietal and visceral layers.
Fluid–filled space
166
Wha are the Three Serous Cavities?
- Pleura
- Pericardium
- Peritoneum
167
Is the serous membrane that
surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity
Pleura
168
Is the serous membrane that
surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity.
Pericardium
169
Is the serous membrane that
surrounds several organs in the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
170
Produced by the serous membranes reduces friction between the walls of the cavities and internal organs when they move, such as when the lungs inflate or the heart beats
Serous Fluid
171
* Prevents friction between the lungs and the walls of the cavity.
* In the perocardiac sac, the pericardial fluid prevents the friction between the heart and the walls of the pericardial sac.
* The peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity prevents friction between abdominal cavity nd pelvic organs and the wall of the cavity.
The Pleural Fluid
172
Provide additional protection to the viscera they enclose by
reducing friction that
could lead to inflammation.
The Serous
Membranes
173
These are proteins responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the muscles so that movement is possible.
Actin and Myosin
174
A patient undergoes a biopsy where a sample of tissue is taken to be analyzed under a microscope. At which level of structural organization is the biopsy sample?
Tissue level
175
Is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body and transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.
Circulatory system
176
Patient Joshua was diagnosed with lung cancer stage 4 in his right middle lobe. The right lung has how many lobes?
3 lobes
177
How many bones does 26-year-old XYY, a healthy adult female, have in total?
206
178
Which of the following organs does not belong to the group?
Liver,
pancreas,
bronchioles,
ileum,
jejunum,
duodenum
Bronchioles
179
It includes the skin, represents the organ system level of structural organization.
integumentary system
180
Describes the sequence of levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
• Molecule-> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system -› Organism
181
What does the endocrine system regulate in the human body?
Regulates metabolism
growth
stress response
reproduction
maintains body balance (homeostasis)
182
A soldier suffers a deep cut on their leg, and within minutes, the blood begins to clot. Which part of the blood is responsible for the clotting process?
Thrombocytes or Platelets
183
What are the supporting cells of the CNS?
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells
184
Is a variable that can increase in a hot environment or
decrease in a cold environment.
Body temperature
185
Such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value or set point.
Homeostatic mechanisms
186
The following are the Requirements for Human Life and Homeostasis:
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
- Narrow range of temperature
- Narrow Range of Atmospheric Pressure
187
* Atmospheric air is only about 20 -21 percent oxygen
* The key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including:
* The reactions that produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Oxygen
188
Are especially sensitive to lack of oxygen because of their requirements for a high-and – steady production of ATP.
Brain cells
189
Is likely to happen within five minutes without oxygen.
Brain damage
190
Death is likely within how many minutes.
ten mins
191
A substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival.
Nutrient
192
The three basic classes of nutrients are:
* Water
* The energy-yielding and body building nutrients
* The micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)
193
* The most critical nutrient
* Depending on the environmental temperature and our state of health, we may able to survive for only a few days without water.
* Body’s functional chemicals are dissolved and transported in _______.
* Chemical reactions of life take place in ________.
* The largest component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells.
*Makes up about 70% of an adult’s body mass.
* Helps regulate our internal temperature.
* Cushion, protects and lubricates joints and many other body structures.
Water
194
* Primarily carbohydrates and lipids, while proteins mainly supply the amino acids that are building blocks of the body itself.
* The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipid can then be used in the metabolic processes that convert them to ATP.
* You can survive without consuming the energy yielding nutrients for atleast several weeks.
Energy-Yielding Nutrients
195
* These are vitamins and minerals
* Vitamin C and most of the B Vitamins are water soluble and cannot be stored so need to consume everyday.
Micronutrients
196
These elements and compounds participate in many essential chemical reactions and processes such as:
* Nerve impulses
* (calcium) contributes to the body’s
197
* You have probably seen news stories about athletes who died of heatstroke, or hikers who dies of exposure to cold.
* Such death occur because the chemical reactions upon which the body depends can only take place within a narrow range of the body temperature 37°C (98.6 °F)
* When the body temperature rises well above or drops below normal.
Narrow Range of Temperature
198
What happens to enzymes when body temperature deviates from normal?
Denaturation/ stop working
199
The body can respond effectively to short term exposure to ?
Heat or cold.
200
* One of the body’s responses, that evaporates from skin, it removes some thermal energy from the body. (cooling)
* Less effective in a humid environment because the air is saturated with water.
* The water is not able to evaporate
Sweating
201
* Is the body’s response to short term exposure to cold.
* It is the random muscle movement that generates heat.
Shivering
202
What happens to RBCs when energy reserves are depleted?
They can't release oxygen.
203
Lacks of oxygen can cause?
* Confusion
* Lethargy
* Loss of consciousness, and * Death
204
By reducing blood circulation to extremities.
The body respond to cold
205
Severe exposure can lead to:
* frostbite
* Tissue damage
* Gangrene
* Amputation
206
Is a force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance.
Pressure
207
* Is a pressure exerted by the mixture of gases (nitrogen and oxygen) in the Earth’s atmosphere.
* Is constantanly pressing down your body.
* This Pressure does more than just keep blood gases dissolved as well as your ability to breathe.
* To take in oxygen and release of Carbon dioxide also depends upon a precise
Atmospheric Pressure
208
This Pressure keeps gases within our body, such as the ________ in body fluids.
Gaseous nitrogen
209
What happens to nitrogen in the blood if exposed to low pressure, like in space?
It expands, forming bubbles.
210
Occurs at high altitudes exerts less pressure, reducing the exchange of these gases.
Altitude sickness
211
Altitude sickness causing:
* Shortness of breath
* Confusion
* Headache
* Lethargy, and nausea
212
A pathological state of sleepiness or deep unresponsiveness and inactivity
Lethargy
213
Sensation of an urge to vomit
Nausea
214
Carry oxygen to reduce the effects of both low oxygen levels and low barometric pressure at high altitudes.
Mountain climbers
215
* Is a condition in which gases dissolved in the blood or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in pressure on the body.
* This condition affects underwater divers who surface from a deep dive too quickly.
* Divers called it “the bends”, a reference to joint pain that is a system of DCS.
* Pilots flying at high altitudes in planes with unpressurized cabins.
Decompression sickness (DCS)
216
Decompression sickness (DCS) common symptoms are?
* Pain in the joints, with headache
* Disturbances in vision occurring in 10 percent to 15 percent of cases.
* Left untreated, very severe can result in death
217
What is the immediate treatment for decompression sickness (DCS)?
*The patient is moved in to a hyperbaric chamber.
Pure oxygen
218
Is a reinforced, closed chamber that is pressurized to greater than atmospheric pressure.
* It treats DCS by repressurizing the body so that pressure pressure can then be removed much more gradually.
* Because the this introduces oxygen to the body at high pressure.
* Increases the concentration of oxygen in the blood.
* Replacing some of the nitrogen in the blood with oxygen
Hyperbaric Chamber (HC)
219
What does negative feedback do in maintaining homeostasis?
It reduces deviations from the set point.
220
What are the three Components of Negative Feedback?
a. Receptor
b. Control Center
c. An Effector
221
* Type of sensor and respond to changes in the environment
* This monitors the value of variable such as blood pressure, temperature; type of sensor that monitors.
Receptor
222
Part of the BRAIN and establishes the set point around
Control Center
223
* The heart that can change the value of the variable
* Heart rate increases, blood pressure increases and as heart rate decreases, blood pressure decreases.
* Sweat glands
An Effector
224
* Amplifies their initiating stimuli, they move the system away from its starting state.
* The best example is a normally occurring when giving birth. The uterine contractions push the baby against the opening of the uterus, stretching it further.
Homeostasis Positive Feedback
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What essential environmental factors must humans stay within for survival?
temperature and pressure
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Typically consists of group of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, usually oxygen, and often other elements as well. Created by living things, they are found throughout the world, in soils and seas, commercial products, and every cell of the human body.
Organic compounds
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The four types most important to human structure and function are?
* Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Nucleotides
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* Contain carbon, hydrogen with slight variations of hydrogen, and oxygen atoms appear in the same ratio as water; that is 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
* They provide food for the animals and are sources of energy for the activities of the cell.
* Store energy and provide shape to organisms.
Carbohydrates
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What are the three types of Carbohydrates?
Sugars
Polysaccharide
Starches
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Carbohydrates classified according to the size as:
* Monosaccharides
* Dissacharides, or
* Polysaccharides
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Are the structural units, or the building blocks of carbohydrates.
* Provide a ready, easily used source of food energy for cells, and glucose is at the top of the “cellular menu.”
* Some sugars are found in our genes, and others are attached to outer surfaces of cell membranes, where they act as road signs to guide cellular interactions.
Monosaccharides
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* These are simple sugars.
* Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose are the most important monosaccharides in the body.
Monosaccharides
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Known as blood sugar, the universal cellular fuel
Glucose
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Are converted to glucose for use by body cells.
Fructose & Galactose
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Form part of the structure of the nuclei acids.
Ribose and Deoxyribose
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* Know as double sugars, formed when two simple sugars are joined by a synthesis reaction known as dehydration synthesis.
* Double sugars are too large to pass through cell membranes, they must be broken down to their monosaccharide units to be absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood.
Disaccharides
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Is the process of breaking down the disaccharides into two monosaccharides as water molecule is added to each bond, the bond is broken, and the simple sugars are released.
Hydrolysis
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* These are long, branching chains of inked simple sugars because they are large, insoluble molecules, they are ideal storage products.
* They lack the sweetness of the simple and double sugars,
Polysaccharides
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Are two polysaccharides important to the body.
Starch & Glycogen
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Is the storage polysaccharide formed by plants; ingested in the form of “starchy” foods, such as grain foods and root vegetables such as potatoes and carrots.
Starch
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Is a slightly smaller, but similar polysaccharide found in animal tissues in the muscles and in the liver.
Glycogen
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* Large and diverse group of organic compounds that enter the body in the form of fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk products and oils.
* The most abundant lipids in the body are neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
* Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but carbon and hydrogen atoms far outnumber oxygen atoms.
* Insoluble in water but readily dissolve in other lipids and in organic salts.
Lipids
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* Found in fat deposits subcutaneous tissue and around organs
* Protect and insulate the body organs;
* Major source of stored energy in the body
Neutral Fats
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* Found in cell membranes
* Participate in the transport of lipids in plasma;
* Abundant in brain and in the nervous tissue
* Helps to form insulating white matter
Phospholipids (Cephalin)
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The basis of all body steroids
Cholesterol
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* A breakdown product of cholesterol
Released by the liver into the digestive tract
* Aid in fat digestion and absorption
Bile Salts
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* Produced in the skin, on exposure to UV radiation, from modified cholesterol
* Necessary for normal bone growth and function
Vitamin D
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- (Estrogen and Progesterone)
* Necessary for normal reproductive function
Female Sex Hormones
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- (Testosterone Produces from cholesterol
* Deficits results in
sterility- inability to reproduce
Male Sex Hormones
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- A glucocorticoid
* A long term ant-stress hormones
Cortisol - Adrenal Cortical Hormones
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* Helps regulate salt and water balance in the body fluids by targeting the kidneys.
Aldosterone, Adrenal Cortical Hormones
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- Found in orange- pigmented vegetables (carrots) and fruits (tomatoes)
* Part of the photoreceptor pigment involved in vision.
Vitamin A
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- Taken via plant products (wheat germ and green leafy vegetables)
* Promote wound healing and contribute to fertility;
* An antioxidant help to neutralize free radicals.
Vitamin E
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- Made available largely by the action of intestinal bacteria
* Necessary for proper clotting of blood.
Vitamin K
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- Derivatives of fatty acids found in cell membranes
* Stimulation of uterine contractions (inducing labor and abortions
* Regulation of blood pressure and control of
motility of the gastrointestinal tract
Prostaglandins
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Based substances that transport
* HDLs (high-density liporoteins)
Lipoproteins - Lipids and Protein
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In the blood stream
* LDLs (Low0density lipoproteins
Fatty acids and cholesterol
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Are synthesized by dehydration synthesis; in this process three fatty acids are attached to a single glycerol molecule.
Neutral fats
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Is found in all cell membranes and its particularly abundant in brain.
Raw material used to form Vit. D, sex hormones and
and water molecule is lost bile salts.
Cholesterol
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Saturated fats along with cholesterol , have been implicated as substances that encourage atherosclerosis (the deposit of fatty substances in artery walls) and eventually arteriosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries).
Homeostatic Imbalance
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* Account for over 50% of the organic matter in the body and they have the most varied functions of the organic molecules.
* Contain carbon, oxygen , and hydrogen and they contain Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus.
* 20 common varieties of amino acids are found in this
Proteins
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Are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
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All amino acids have an amine group (-NH2), which gives them basic properties and an acid group (-COOH), which allows them to ?
act as acids.
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The simplest amino acid consisting of a single hydrogen bond.
Glycine
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An acid amino acid in R group.
Aspartic acid
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A basic amino acid
Lysine
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A sulfur containing amino acid or –SH in the R group that take part in intra molecular bonding.
Cysteine
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* The strand-ike fibrous proteins that is also known as structural proteins
* Important in binding structures together and for providing strength in certain body tissues.
Fibrous and Globular Proteins
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Found in bones, tendons and ligaments and the most abundant proteins in the human body.
Collagen
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Is the structural protein of hair and nails and the materials that makes skin tough.
Keratin
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* These are mobile and generally spherical molecules that play crucial roles in biological processes.
* Considered functional proteins because they do things rather just form structures.
Globular Proteins
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* Highly specialized that recognize, bind with and inactivate bacteria, toxins and viruses.
* Function in the immune response, which helps protect the body from the invasion of foreign substances.
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
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* Help regulate growth and Development
* Nerve Growth Factor guides the growth of neurons in the development of the nervous system.
Hormones
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An anabolic hormone necessary for optimal growth.
Growth Hormone
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Helps regulate blood sugar level
Insulin
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* Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood;
* Other transport proteins in the blood carry iron, cholesterol, others substances.
Transport Proteins
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* Essential to virtual every biochemical reactions by atleast a million fold; in their absence (destruction) biochemical reactions cease.
Catalysts (Enzymes)
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