PRELIM

Question 1

The philosophical framework for
understanding the self was first introduced by the ancient great Greek
philosophers

Answer 1

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Question 2

He Believed that the self is an immortal soul. this introduces the idea of a three-part soul/self: reason, physical appetite, and spirit or passion.

Answer 2

Plato

Question 3

In Plato’s Theory of Forms, he introduces the concepts of the two worlds:

Answer 3

World of form, world of sense

Question 4

Believed the soul is the essense of the self

Answer 4

Aristotle

Question 5

Aristotle’s three kinds of souls

Answer 5

Vegetative, Sensual, and Rational Soul

Question 6

Type of soul: Physical body that can grow

Answer 6

Vegetative soul

Question 7

Type of soul: Sensual desires, feelings, emotions

Answer 7

Sensual soul

Question 8

He believes an unexamined life is not a life worth living. The immortal soul surpasses the body.

Answer 8

Socrates

Question 9

Type of soul: Makes man human. Intellect that allows us to understand things as they are.

Answer 9

Rational soul

Question 10

Socrates was the first to
focus on the full power of reason on the human self which is:

Answer 10

who are we, who we should be, and who we will
become.

Question 11

suggests that man must live an examined
life and a life of purpose and value. He must begin at the
source of all knowledge and significance—the self.

Answer 11

Socrates

Question 12

the so-called introspection, is a
method of carefully examining one’s thoughts and
emotions—to gain self- knowledge.

Answer 12

Socratic Method

Question 13

the keystone of Descartes concept of self.

Answer 13

“I think, therefore, I am.”

Question 14

He believes that human mind at birth is tabula rasa or a
blank slate.

Answer 14

John Locke

Question 15

He feels that the self, or personal identity, is constructed
primarily from sense experiences—or more specifically,
what people see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. These
experiences shape and mold the self throughout
person’s life.

Answer 15

John Locke

Question 16

suggests that if people carefully examine their sense
experience through the process of introspection, they will
discover that there is no self.

Answer 16

David Hume

Question 17

(basic sensations of
people’s experience, e.g. love, hate, joy, pain, grief)

Answer 17

Impressions

Question 18

He believes that it is the self that makes experiencing an
intelligible world possible because it is the self that is
actively organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts
and perceptions.

Answer 18

Immanuel Kant

Question 19

Saint in the Catholic Church
 He integrates the ideas of Plato and teachings of
Christianity.

“I doubt, therefore, I am.”

Answer 19

St. Augustine:

Question 20

believes that the self is best understood as a
pattern of behaviour, the tendency or disposition of a
person to behave in a certain way in certain
circumstances.

“I act, therefore, I am.”

Answer 20

Gilbert Ryle

Question 21

holds that the self consists three layers:
conscious, unconscious, and preconscious.

Answer 21

Sigmund Freud

Question 22

usually takes into account the
realistic demands of the situation, the consequences of
various actions, and overriding need to preserve the
equilibrium (balance) of the entire psychodynamic
system of the self.

Answer 22

conscious self

Question 23

part of the self
contains the basic instinctual drives including sexuality,
aggressiveness, and self- destruction; traumatic
memories; unfulfilled wishes and childhood fantasies;
and thoughts and feelings that would be considered
socially taboo. Freud argues that much of the self is
determined by the unconscious.

Answer 23

unconscious self

Question 24

contains material that is not
threatening and is easily brought to mind.

Answer 24

the
preconscious self

Question 25

proponent of through the looking glass theory

Answer 25

Charles Horton Cooley

Question 26

highlights that the people whom a person interacts with become a mirror in which he/she views himself/herself.

Answer 26

through the looking glass theory

Question 27

supports the view that a person develops a sense of self through social interaction.

Answer 27

George Herbert Mead,

Question 28

explained that the self has two divisions: the “I” and the “me”. The “I” is the subjective element and the active side of the self.

Answer 28

Mead’s theory of the social self-

Question 29

Mead details the development of the self in three-stage process:

Answer 29

1. In the preparatory stage (0-3 years old), children imitate the people around them, especially family members with whom they have daily interaction. 2. During the play stage (3 to 5 years old), children start to view themselves in relation to others as they learn to communicate through language and other symbols. 3. In the game stage (begins in early school years; about 8 to 9 years old) children understand not only their own social position but also those of others around them.

Question 30

in modern societies the attainment and stability of self-identity are freely chosen. It is no longer restricted by customs and traditions. In postmodern societies, self-identity continuously changes due to the demands of multitude of social contexts, new information technologies, and globalization.

Answer 30

Gerry Lanuza’s

Question 31

exposes the negative consequences of postmodernity to individuals in the society (Demeterio, 2013). For him, consumption structures the postmodern society. The postmodern individuals achieve self- identity through prestige symbols that they consume. Hence, the postmodern person has become an insatiable consumer and may never be satisfied in his/her life.

Answer 31

Jean Baudrillard

Question 32

Employing an anthropological perspective, that is, perceiving holistically, what could be the answer to the question: “Who am I?” Anthropology considers human experiences as an interplay

Answer 32

of Nature and Nurture

Question 33

From the anthropologist Christie Kiefer (Robbins, 2012), the Japanese possess a

Answer 33

sociocentric view

Question 34

in which the membership of a person in particular social group defines the boundaries of the self. Interdependence between the person and the group is more valued than independence.

Answer 34

sociocentric view of the self

Question 35

In contrast with the Japanese and Chinese, the Americans are...

Answer 35

egocentric. They believe that they should be assertive and independent.

Question 36

refers to the features of a person’s identity that he/she chooses to emphasize in constructing a social self.

Answer 36

The identity toolbox

Question 37

Arnold van Gennep believes that changes in one’s status and identity are marked by a three- phased rite of passage:

Answer 37

separation, liminality, and incorporation.

Question 38

help a person adjust from one social dimension of his/her life to the others.

Answer 38

Rite of passage

Question 39

Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson coined the term---------------- to characterize interaction in which there is a discrepancy between the identity a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that person by others.

Answer 39

Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson coined the term “identity struggles” to characterize interaction in which there is a discrepancy between the identity a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that person by others.

Question 40

Clifford Geertz (1973), an American anthropologist, offers a reformulation of the concept of culture which favours a symbolic 100 interpretative model of culture. He defines culture as a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms

Answer 40

Self as embedded in culture

Question 41

suggests the self is classified into two teritories. I self and the me self

Answer 41

William James

Question 42

the self that knows what they are. Also known as the thinking self

Answer 42

I-self

Question 43

the emperical self which refers to the experiences of the person

Answer 43

Me-self