PRELIM Flashcards
(284 cards)
1
Q
The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.
A
Pharmacology
2
Q
The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease
A
Medical Pharmacology
3
Q
The branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems.
A
Toxicology
4
Q
The science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs —the precursor of pharmacology
A
Materia Medica
5
Q
Developed materia medica
A
Dioscorides
6
Q
Two general principles
A
1.All substances can under circumstances be toxic, and the chemicals in botanicals are no differetn from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the proportion of impurities
2.All dietary supplemetns and all therapies promoted as health enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as conventional drugs and medical therapies.
7
Q
The study of genetic variations that cause differences in drug response among individuals or populations
A
Pharmacogenomics
8
Q
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and excretion of a drug
A
Pharmacokinetics
9
Q
What the body does to the drug
A
Pharmacokinetics
10
Q
What the drug does to the body
A
Pharmacodynamics
11
Q
The biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug actions
A
Pharmacodynamics
12
Q
The use of drugs to prevent and treat disease
A
Pharmacotherapeutics
13
Q
A scientific name that precisely describes its atomic and molecular structure
A
Chemical Name
14
Q
Nonproprietary name
A
Generic name
15
Q
Abbreviation of chemical name
A
Generic name
16
Q
Brand name or proprietary name
A
Trade name
17
Q
Selected by the drug company selling the product
A
Brand name/Trade name
18
Q
name protected by copyright
A
Trade name
19
Q
Family of a drug
A
Pharmacologic class
20
Q
Drugs that share similar characteristics
A
Pharmacologic class
21
Q
Groups drug by therapeutic use
A
Therapeutic class
22
Q
drugs come from:
A
Plants
animals
minerals
23
Q
A chemical compound thats the basis of all steroids and sterols
A
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
24
Q
Structure: Tatlo ka piattos sa balay
A
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
25
The earliest drug concoctions from plants used:
everything: leaves, roots, bulbs, stems, seeds,buds, and blossoms
26
most pharmacologically active component in plants
alkaloids
27
plant component that reacts with acids to form a salt that can dissolve more readily in body fluids
alkaloids
28
atropine plant source
Atropa belladona
29
Nicotine plant source
Nicotiana tabacum
30
stimulant+cancel pharmacological effect
nicotine
31
sugar component+active component in plants
Glycosides
32
sugar + non sugar
glycosides
33
attract and hold water
Gums
34
example source of gums
seaweed extract
35
commonly act as local irritants or as laxatives obtained from a sap
Resins
36
chief source of resins
pine tree sap
37
thick and sometimes greasy liquids
oil
38
two classifications of oils
volatile or fixed
39
drugs obtained from animal sources
animal magnetism
40
original source of insulin
cows and pigs
41
source of oils and fats (usually fixed)
fish cod/cod live oil
42
produced by living cells and act as catalysts such as pancreatin and pepsin
enzymes
43
suspensions of killed, modified, attenuated microorganisms
vaccines
44
other name of epsom salt
magnesium sulfate
45
mineral drug for cleansing/anti-convulsant
magnesium sulfate
46
for eclampsia
magnesium sulfate
47
HTN+proteinuria+edema
Preclampsia
48
HTN+proteinuria+edema+seizure
Eclampsia
49
tech used in DNA drugs
DNA recombinant technology
50
bacteria commonly used as drug carrier
escherichia coli
51
Diabetes that does not produce insulin
TYPE1
52
Insulin dependent diabetes
TYPE2
53
Route of administration for spinal canal
intrathecal
54
route of administration for joints
intra-articular
55
bind to receptor and activate
agonist
56
affinity only
antagonist
57
penicillin structure
balay ni superman na may garahe
58
aspirin chemical name
acetyl salicylic acid
59
paracetamol chemical name
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
60
ARBS meanign
angiotensin receptor blockers
"sartan"
61
CCBS meaning
calcium channel blockers
"dipine"
62
ACEs meaning
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
"pril"
63
therapeutic class of amoxicillin/penicillin
antibacterial antibiotic
64
therapeutic class of ciprofloxacin
synthetic antibacterial agents
65
pharmacologic class of ciprofloxacin
fluoroquinone
66
any substance obtained from microorganism that will kill/prevent the growth of other microorganism
antibiotic
67
technology used in insulin
DNA recombinant technology
68
specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role and where the drug molecule interacts
receptor
69
may interact directly with the other drugs
chemical antagonist
70
example of chemical antagonist
Kremil-s
71
from greek word "xenos" meaning stranger
Xenobiotics
72
xenos meaning
stranger
73
drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects
poisons
74
"the dose makes the poison"
paracelsus
75
Happy hormone
serotonin
76
main component of serotonin
tryptophan
77
antidote for paracetamol poisoning
N-acetylcysteine
78
gasoline poisoning antidote
cooking oil
79
drug that causes hangover
acetaldehyde
80
mydriatic (pupil dilation) drug
atropine
81
phase 1
safety
82
phase 2
efficacy
83
phase 3
safety and efficacy
84
phase 4
post market
85
FDA will approve a new drug application in what phase?
Phase 3
86
exceptions to rules in NDD
Public health threat
Sponsors
87
the transfer of Drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream
absorption
88
movement from high concentration to low concentration.
passive diffusion
89
does not involve a carrier and not saturable. Movement is along the concentration gradient
passive diffusion
90
layer in cell
lipid bilayer
semipermeable
91
law about diffusion rate. How fast
fick's law of diffusion
92
Fick's law of diffusion states that:
the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the concentration surface area and permeability coefficient. inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane
93
component of receptor
90% protein, 10% lipds, acids, etc.
94
smallest drug
lithium ion MW 7
95
Largest drug
Alteplase MW 59050
96
three major types of bonds
covalent, electrostatic, hydrophobic
97
very strong and in many cases not reversible under biologic conditions
covalent bonds
98
enzyme in aspirin showing covalent bond
cyclooxegenase enzyme
99
agents used in cancer chemotherapy
DNA-alkylating agents
100
weaker than covalent bond but stronger than hydrogen bond
electrostatic bonding
101
vary from relatively strong linkages between permanently charged ionic molecules to weaker hydrogen bonds and very weak induced dipole interactions such as van der waals forces
electrostatic bonding
102
103
Weak and are important in the interactions of highly lipid soluble drugs with the lipids of cell membranes and perhaps in the interaction of drug with the internal walls of receptor "pockets"
Hydrphobic bonds
104
dependent on the chirality (stereoisomerism) of the drug chemical structure
drug shape
105
The ability to predict the appropriate molecular structure of a drug on the basis of information about its biologic receptor
rational drug design
106
drugs that must undergo extensive animal studies
investigational new drug
107
drugs enter the cell through specialized transmembrane carrier proteins that facilitate the passage of large molecules
facilitated diffusion
108
movement is along concentration gradient
can be saturated
facilitated diffusion
109
does not require energy and can be saturated
facilitated diffusion
110
may be inhibited by compounds that compete for the carrier
facilitated diffusion
111
involves specific carrier proteins that span the membrane
active transport
112
energy dependent and saturable
active transport
113
movement is against the concentration gradient
active transports
114
selective and may be competitively inhibited by other cotransported substances
active transport
115
used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size across the cell membrane
endocytosis and exocytosis
116
engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane and transport into the cell by pinching off the drug filled vessicle
endocytosis
117
reverse of endocytosis
exocytosis
118
factors influencing absorption
-effect of pH
-blood flow to the absorption site
-total surface area available for absoprtion
-contact time at the absorption surface
-expression of p glycoprotein
119
a drug passes through membranes more readily if it is unchanged
effect of ph
120
responsible for transporting various molecules, including drugs, across cell membranes
expression of p-glycoprotein
121
pumps drugs out of the cell
expression of p-glycoprotein
122
associated with multi drug resistance
expression of p-glycoprotein
123
is the rate and extent to which an administered drug reaches the systemic circulation
bioavailability
124
determined by comparing plasma levels of drugs after a particular route of administration with levels achieved by IV administration
bioavailability
125
enters the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation
first pass effect
126
portal used in first pass effect
hepatic portal
127
factors affecting bioavailability
-First pass effect
-solubility of the drug
-chemical instability
-nature of the drug formulation
128
if they show comparable bioavailability and similar times to achieve peak blood concentrations
bioequivalence
129
if two drugs are pharmaceutically equivalent with similar chemical and safety profiles
therapeutic equivalence
130
if drugs have same DOSAGE FORM, contain same ACTIVE INGREDIENT, and use the same ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
pharmaceutical equivalence
131
the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the interstitium (extracellular fluid) and the tissues
drug distribution
132
three major routes of elimination
-hepatic metabolism
-biliary metabolism
-urinary metabolism
133
major organ for excretion
kidney
134
major organ for metabolism
liver
135
major organ for absorption
small intestine
136
an inactive precursor chemical that is readily absorbed and distributed and then CONVERTED to the active drug by biologic processes inside the body
prodrug
137
renal elimination of drugs
excretion
138
3 renal elimination of drugs
-glomerular filtration
-proximal tubular secretion
-distal tubular reabsorption
139
their ligands are presently unknown
orphan receptors
140
molecule that binds to the receptor
ligand
141
receptors that may prove useful targets for the development of new drugs
orphan receptors
142
mediate the actions of endogenous chemical signals such as neurotransmitters, autacoids and hormones
regulatory proteins
143
biologic chemical that is also identified as drug receptors
enzymes
144
ex NA/k atpase
transport proteins
145
Which of the following phase II metabolic reactions
makes phase I metabolites readily excretable in urine?
A. Oxidation.
B. Reduction.
C. Glucuronidation.
D. Hydrolysis.
E. Alcohol dehydrogenation.
Correct answer
=
C. Many phase I metabolites are too lipo-
philic to be retained in the kidney tubules. A subsequent
phase II conjugation reaction with an endogenous sub-
strate, such as glucuronic acid, results in more water-
soluble conjugates that excrete readily in urine.
146
membrane receptor for digitalis glycosides
NA/K atpase
147
Alkalization of urine by giving bicarbonate is used to
treat patients presenting with phenobarbital (weak acid)
overdose. Which of the following best describes the
rationale for alkalization of urine in this setting?
A. To reduce tubular reabsorption of phenobarbital.
B. To decrease ionization of phenobarbital.
C. To increase glomerular filtration of phenobarbital.
D. To decrease proximal tubular secretion.
E. To increase tubular reabsorption of phenobarbital.
Correct answer
=
A. As a general rule, weak acid drugs
such as phenobarbital can be eliminated faster by alkali-
zation of the urine. Bicarbonate alkalizes urine and keeps
phenobarbital ionized, thus decreasing its reabsorption.
148
A drug with a half-life of 10 hours is administered by
continuous intravenous infusion. Which of the following
best approximates the time for the drug to reach steady
state?
A. 10 hours.
B. 20 hours.
C. 33 hours.
D. 40 hours.
E. 60 hours.
Correct answer
=
D. A drug will reach steady state in about
four to five half-lives. Thus, for this drug with a half-life of
10 hours, the approximate time to reach steady state will
be 40 hours.
149
receptor for colchicine
tubulin
150
protein that provide structure
structural protein
151
receptors which are spare for a given pharmacologuc response that are able to possibly elicit a maximal biologic response at a concetration of agonist that does not result in occupancy of the full complement of available receptors
spare receptors
152
four subtypes of receptors
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
153
location=cell membrane
effect=millisecond
class 1/ionotropic receptors aassociated with ligand gated ion channels
154
controls Na channels (ligand gated)
nicotinic receptor
155
inhibited by curare derivatieves, ganglionic blockers
nicotinic receptors-Na channels
156
controls Cl channels
GABAa receptor complex
157
GABAa controls what channel?
Cl channels
158
inward Cl(-) conductance leads to?
hyperpolarization of cell membranes
159
Inward conductance of Na(+) leads to?
depolarization
160
GABA stimulators
benodiapenes,barbiturates
161
other name of class 2
metabotropic 7 transmembrane spanning G protein linked
162
location= cell membrane
effect=in seconds
metabotropic 7 transmembrane spanning G protein linked / class 2
163
activates adenylyl cyclase which produces second messenger
Gs
164
adenylyl produces second messenger called?
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
165
inhibits adenylyl cyclase
Gi
166
activates phospholipase C generating two secondary messengers
Gq
167
two secondary messengers of phospholipase C
1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) & diacylglycerol (DAG)
168
other name of class 3
enzyme linked receptors
169
effect=minutes to hours
posesses TYROSINE KINASE activity as part of their structure
class 3 / enzyme linked receptors
170
intracellular receptors
class 4
171
other name for class 4
intracellular receptors
172
effect=hours to days
intracellular receptors
173
is the target of antineoplastic agents such as paclitaxel
tubulin
174
the total number of cell surface receptors is reduced, and the cells responsiveness to ligand is correspondingly diminished because of the rapid degradation those receptors due to accelerated endocytosis
down regulation
175
pharmacologic potency and maximal efficacy. As the concentration of drug increases, its pharmacologic effect also gradually increases until all the receptors are occupied
graded dose response relations
176
refers to the concentration or dose of a drug required to produce 50% of that drugs maximal effect.
potency
177
is the magnitude of response a drug causes when it interacts with a receptor
efficacy
178
dependent on the number of drug receptor complexes formed and the intrinsic activity of the drug
efficacy
179
crucial for making clinincal decisions when a large response is needed
maximal efficacy
180
may be determined by the drugs mode of interaction with receptors
maximal efficacy
181
determining the dose of the drug required to produce a specified magnitude of effect in a large number of individual patients or experimental animals
Quantal dose effect curves
182
the dose at which 50% of individuals exhibit the specified quantal effect
median effective dose / ED50
183
the dose required to produce a particular toxic effect in 50% of the population
median toxic dose / TD50
184
If the toxic effect is death of the animal
Median lethal dose / LD50
185
the ratio of TD50 to the ED50 for some therapeutically relevant effect
therapeutic index
186
determines the drugs ability to fully or partially activate the receptors
intrinsic activity
187
a drug that binds to a receptor and produces a maximal biologic response that mimics the response of the endogenous ligand
Full agonist
188
have intrinsic acitivity greater than zero but less than one
partial agonist
189
cannot produce the same maximal efficacy as a full agonist even if all the receptors are occupied
partial agonist
190
becomes an antagonist if taken concomitantly with a full agonist
partial agonist
191
have an intrinsic activity less than zero, reverse the activity of receptors, and exert the opposite pharmacological effec of agonist
inverse agonists
192
bind to a receptor with high affinity but possess zero intrinsic activity
antagonist
193
may occur by either blocking the drug's ability to bind to the receptor or by blocking its ability to activate the receptor
antagonism
194
prevents an agonist from binding to its receptor
competitive antagonist
195
bind covalently to the active site of the receptor, thereby reducing the number of receptors available to the agonist
irreversible antagonist
196
also causes a downward shift to the Emax with no change in the Ec50 value of an agonist
allosteric antagonist
197
binds to a site (allosteric site) and prevents the receptor from being activated by the agonist
allosteric antagonist
198
an antagonist that may act at a completely seperate receptor, initiating effects that are functionally opposite with the agonist
functional antagonism
199
usually caused by genetic differences in metabolism of the drug or by immunologic mechanisms, including allergic reactions
idiosyncrasy
200
usually refers to a allergic or other immunologic responses to drugs
hypersensitivity
201
a state of decreased responsiveness to the drugs effect as a consequence of continued drug administration
tolerance
202
a response in which responsiveness diminishes rapidly after administration of a drug
tachyphylaxis
203
alter normal physiological functions
functional modifiers
204
supplement or replace endogenous substance that are lacking or insufficient
replenishers
205
diagnosis of certain conditions
diagnostics
206
drugs used to kill/inhibit growth/multiplication of cells or nucleic acids considered as foreign to the body
chemotherapeutic agents
207
two types of chemotherapeutic agents
-anti-infectives
-antineoplastics
208
2 parts of nervous system
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
209
two categories of peripheral nervous system
efferent and afferent
210
consist of brain and spinal chord
Central nervous system
211
motor signals
efferent
212
sensory signals
afferent
213
involuntary
autonomic system
214
controlled system
somatic system
215
three categories of autonomic system
-enteric
-parasympathetic
-sympathetic
216
largely concerned with consciously controlled functions such as movement, respiration, and posture
somatic nervous system
217
largely independent in that its activities are not under direct conscious control
autonomic nervous system
218
concerned primarily with visceral functions such as cardiac output, bloodflow to various organs, and digestion, which are necessary for life.
Autonomic nervous system
219
chemical transmission occurs between:
nerve cells
220
__________ takes place through the release of small amounts of transmitter substances from the nerve terminals into the synaptic cleft
chemical transmission
221
outflow of SNS
thoraco-lumbar
222
outflow of ParaNS
cranio-sacral
(III,VII,IX,X)
223
location of preganglionic neuron of SNS
near the spinal cord
224
location of preganglionic neuron of SNS
near the spinal cord
225
length of PreN in SNS
shorter
226
length of PreN in ParaNS
longer
227
chemical messenger
acetylcholine
228
location of ganglion in SNS
near the SC
229
location of ganglion in PNS
far from the spinal chord
230
length of postganglionic neuron in SympaNS
longer
231
length of postganglionic neuron in ParaNS
shorter
232
neurotransmitter at ganglion of SympaNs
acetylcholine
233
neurotransmitter at ganglion of PNS
acetylcholine
234
neurotransmitter at postganglionic neuron of SNS
norepinephrine
235
neurotransmitter at postganglionic neuron of ParaNS
acetylcholine
236
produced by the endocrine cells
hormones
237
biological molecules that act like hormones and are produced by the body. They are also known as autopharmacological agents or local hormones.
autacoids
238
act on receptors that are activated by ACh
cholinergic agonist
239
two types of cholinergic receptors
-muscarinic
-nicotinic
240
drugs that mimic the actions of acetylcholine
cholinomimetic drugs
241
named after alkaloid muscarine that mimics the effects of acetylcholine
muscarinic receptor
242
belongs to the class of G protein coupled receptors (metabotropic)
muscarinic receptor
243
DUMBELS
-Diarrhea/Diaphoresis
-Urination
-Miosis
-Bradychardia/ Bronchoconstriction
-Emesis
-Lacrimation
-Salivation
244
MOA of cholinomimetic drugs
bind to and activate muscarinic or nicotinic receptors
245
inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid
indirect acting drugs
246
2 byproducts of hydrolysis of ACh
choline and acetic acid
247
a quaternary ammonium compound that cannot penetrate membranes
acetylcholine
248
effect of Urecholine/betanechol
DUMBELS
249
side effect of Urecholine/betanechol
excessive DUMBELS
250
antidote of Urecholine/betanechol poisoning
atropine
251
similar to betanechol
carbachol
252
carbachol brands
carboptic,miostat, carbastat
253
ACh+methane
methacholine
254
ACh+amide group
carbachol
255
ACh+amide group+methane
Bethanechol
256
pilocarpine brand
isopto carpine
257
effects are similar to betanechol;produced rapid miosis
pilocarpine
258
sideeffect of pilocarpine
excessive DUMBELS
259
antidote for pilocarpine toxicity:
atropine
260
-evoxac
-synthetic
-similar to pilocarpine
cevimeline
261
activates autonomic postganglionic neurons and skeletal muscl neuromuscular end plates
NIcotine
262
organic derivatieves of phosphoric acid
organophosphates
263
an extremely potent "nerve gas"
soman
264
(sulfur containing phosphate) prodrugs that are converted to phosphate derivatives in animals and used as INSECTICIDE
parathion and malathion
265
"irreversible" cholinesterase inhibitor
organophosphates
266
edrophonium and carbamates
"reversible"cholinesterase inhibitor
267
a disease characterized by increased intraoccular pressure
glaucoma
268
a medical emergency that is frequently treated initially ith drugs but usually requires surgery for permanent correction
Acute angle closure glaucoma
269
paralysis of the stomack or bowel following surgical manipulation
postoperative atony
270
-myasthenia gravis
-curare induced neuromuscular paralysis
neuromuscular junction
271
was used to treat supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
edrophonium
272
drug with anticholinesterase and other cholinomimetic ations used for the treatment of mild to moderate alzheimers diisease
TACRINE (cognex)
273
binds briefly to active site of AChE and prevent access of ACh
edrophonium
274
toxicity of edrophonium
parasympathomimetic excess
275
an autoimmune disease affecting skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions
myasthenia gravis
276
forms covalent bond with AChE, but hydrolyzed and released
Neostigmine
277
like neostigmine, but longer acting
pyridostigmine
278
a natural alkaloid named tertiary amine
physostigmine
279
Like neostigmine, but released more slowly
echothiophate
280
-insecticed
-relatively safe for mammals and birds
malathion
281
nerve gas, used exclusively in warfare and terrorism
sarin
282
antidote for organophosphate poisoning
atropine, diazepam, pralidoxime
283
284
