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Obesity > Prelim 2 > Flashcards

Prelim 2 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

adipose tissue

A

largest endocrine organ that contains adipocytes, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and immune cells
- exists in a sac of collagen that allows for growth and shrinkage

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2
Q

types of mammalian fat

A

mechanical/behavioral fat and metabolic fat

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3
Q

stromal vascular compartment

A

cells of adipose tissue that are NOT adipocytes

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4
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

below the skin, different-sized adipocytes, metabolically active, vascularized
- leads to better adipogenesis

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5
Q

visceral fat

A

same-sized adipocytes, decreased lipolysis, increased triglyceride synthesis, less vascularization

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6
Q

What is some factors that control fat placement?

A

sex steroids and cortisol

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7
Q

estrogen

A

promotes subcutaneous fat accumulation
- reduces WAT fibrosis
- removing ovaries in mice = more visceral fat

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8
Q

2 ways adipose tissue can expand

A

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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9
Q

hyperplasia

A
  • fat stem cells become adipocytes through various steps
  • uses PPARy
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10
Q

PPARy

A

a nuclear hormone receptor that is necessary for adipogenesis
- regulates lipid storage and insulin sensitivity

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11
Q

PPARy agonists for obesity

A
  • they increase insulin sensitivity, stimulate adipogenesis, and improve glucose uptake
  • they also led to heart attacks and strokes
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12
Q

hypertrophy

A
  • adipocytes grow in size
  • this can be normal (to an extent)
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13
Q

chronic adipocyte hypertrophy (CAH)

A
  • leads to hypoxia, fibrosis, inflammation, and eventually, uncontrolled lipolysis
  • more likely in visceral fat
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14
Q

hypoxia CAH

A
  • happens due to increased intercapillary distance
  • leads to cell death
  • in ACUTE hypertrophy, new blood vessels can grow to accommodate
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15
Q

fibrosis CAH

A

1) initiation from hypertrophy and hypoxia
2) activation of fibroblasts
3) increased collagen and fiber deposition
4) full progression to organ failure

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16
Q

inflammation CAH

A

hypertrophic adipocytes secrete cytokines (like TNFa) that attract immune cells
- increased macrophage concentrations lead to adipocyte cell death
- insulin signaling pathways are impaired

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17
Q

adipocyte cell death

A

subcutaneous fat protects against adipocyte death, but visceral fat does not

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18
Q

TNF-alpha

A

pro-inflammatory adipokine that causes WAT inflammation
- increases in obesity and hypertrophy
- attracts macrophages
- anti-TNFa therapy in mice had NO effect on inflammation

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19
Q

types of macrophages in adipose tissue

A

M1: obese state
- promote cell death
- more prevalent in visceral fat
- recruit MORE M1 macrophages
M2: lean state
- angiogenesis and adipogenesis
- they become M1 in obesity

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20
Q

lipolysis

A

release of fatty acids
- turned on in the fasting state
- uncontrolled during insulin resistance b/c our body thinks we’re hungry
- uses HSL (hormone-sensitive lipase)

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21
Q

adipokines

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A

hormones, peptides, or enzymes secreted from adipose tissue
- can have autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signaling

22
Q

leptin

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A

an adipokine that tells us we’re full
1) secreted into blood from adipose tissue
2) activates leptin receptors on hypothalamus
3) up-regulation of gene transcription to curb appetite

leptin levels increase with fat mass

23
Q

leptin therapy for obesity

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A

had no effects on obese patients
- they can become resistant to leptin

24
Q

lipodystrophy

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A

partial to complete loss of adipose tissue
- leptin therapy can help

25
adiponectin
a hormone produced exclusively by adipocytes - levels decrease as fat mass increases - protects from insulin resistance and T2D - prevents cell death - increases energy expenditure Adiponectin supplementation in mice has not been shown to fix insulin resistance.
26
DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4)
deactivates various peptides like GLP-1 - overproduced in obese patients - leads to higher BG and lipolysis - DPP-4 inhibitors can control obesity
27
inhibition of GLP-1
suppresses insulin and glucagon secretion
28
insulin resistance
inability of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle to take up glucose in an insulin-dependent matter - increases as hypertrophy increases
29
glucagon
stimulates glycogen breakdown from liver in fasted state -produced by alpha cells in pancreas
30
How does insulin stimulate glucose uptake?
1) activation of GLUT-4 receptors 2) GLUT-4 then moves to plasma membrane of fat or muscle cell and lets glucose in 3) once the glucose molecule is inside, it can either be stored as triglycerides or glycogen
31
What process does insulin stimulate?
lipogenesis
32
type 1 diabetes
1) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are exposed to beta cells in pancreas 2) These APCs then travel to the lymph nodes where they recruit B and T cells against beta cells
33
type 2 diabetes
characterized by insulin resistance - insulin can no longer recruit GLUT4 and BG levels rise - the pancreas then releases more insulin - beta cells die - insulin then INCREASES lipolysis
34
Zinc transport across biological membranes
requires specific transporters - ZIP transporters move zinc from extracellular space to cytosol - ZnT transporters move zinc from the cytosol to the extracellular space
35
zinc deficiency
a common feature of obesity and diabetes - supplementation causes lower BG and body weight
36
zinc and gut health
zinc helps our intestines keep out toxins - without zinc, toxins cause inflammation - this can cause insulin resistance and fat accumulation
37
ZAG
a zinc-requiring protein that is a lipid-mobilizing factor in adipose tissue - overexpression = weight loss - underexpression = obesity
38
cortisol and insulin resistance
1) cortisol tells liver to release blood sugar from glycogen 2) chronically high cortisol levels = insulin resistance and T2D
39
FOXO1
a transcription factor that regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis -suppressed by insulin signaling
40
insulin resistance and FOXO1
We can't degrade FOXO1 in insulin resistance. Gluconeogenesis keeps occurring. - obesity increases FOXO1 activity
41
lipotoxicity causes
diet, uncontrolled adipocyte lipolysis, and liver lipogenesis
42
liver cell types
hepatocytes, stellate cells, Kupffer cells, sinusoid cells
43
hepatocytes
create proteins, enzymes, lipids, and cholesterol
44
stellate cells
contain vitamin A lipid droplets
45
Kupffer cells
macrophages that line walls of sinusoid cells
46
sinusoid cells
have fenestrated capillaries
47
gluconeogenesis
requires glycerol and FFAs from adipocyte lipolysis
48
brown adipose tissue
a mammalian adaptation that's mainly located within the intrascapular region - mitochondria generates heat instead of ATP (UCP-1 collapses the proton gradient) - ACTIVATED at low temperatures
49
beige fat
GENERATED in the cold - only forms in white adipose tissue. Once the cold is removed, it turns into WAT - also uncouples the ETC to generate heat
50
thermogenic fat
includes both brown and beige fat
51
DNP
protonophore that allows the bypassing of ATP synthase - became a popular diet pill that resulted in death

Obesity (1 decks)

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