Prelim 3

Question 1

Leave absorb…

Answer 1

CO2 (from air)

Question 2

Roots absorb…

Answer 2

H2O and some minerals (from soil)

Question 3

Cation exchange

Answer 3

+ cation bonded to - soil particle
+ ion (H+) exchanged for cation

Question 4

4 stages of food processing

Answer 4

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination

Question 5

Alimentary canal

Answer 5

Main organs responsible for digestion (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum)

Question 6

Accessory glands

Answer 6

Salivary, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 7

Adaptation of an herbivore

Answer 7

Longer posterior digestive tract (cecum, colon)

*not ruminant

Question 8

Adaptation of a carnivore

Answer 8

Longer small intestine

Question 9

Mono gastric

Answer 9

Simple chambered (ex. Human, dog, cat, pig)

Question 10

Ruminant

Answer 10

Multi chambered stomach (goat, cow, deer)

Question 11

Hindgut fermentor

Answer 11

Simple stomach, complex intestine (horse, ostrich)

Question 12

What do the salivary glands secrete?

Answer 12

Amylase to breakdown carbohydrates

Question 13

Pepsin

Answer 13

Enzyme to digest protein

Question 14

How is the stomach layer protected

Answer 14

Mucus layer (physical) and bicarbonate secretion (chemical)

Question 15

Gastric phase

Answer 15

1) Pepsinogen and HCl - secreted into lumen
2) HCl - converts pepsinogen into pepsin
3) pepsin activates more pepsinogen (pos. feedback loop)

Question 16

Where does most digestion occur

Answer 16

Phase 3: small intestine

Question 17

Adaptation to increase absorption

Answer 17

Microvillar surface (inc. surface area)

Question 18

Is transport across the epithelium active or passive

Answer 18

Both

Question 19

Endosymbiots

Answer 19

Reside within the body or cells of an organism

Question 20

Relationship between plants and rhyzobacteria

Answer 20

Symbiotic
Plants provide nutrients
Rhyzobacteria provide chemicals to promote growth, produce antibiotics, absorb toxic metals, inc. nutrient availability

Question 21

Nitrogen cycle

Answer 21

Converts nitrogen/compounds into NO3- or NH4+

Question 22

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Answer 22

Generate NH4+ from N2

Question 23

Nitrifying bacteria

Answer 23

Generate NO3- from NH4+

Question 24

Ammonifying bacteria

Answer 24

Generate NH4+

Question 25

Where are most microbes

Answer 25

Large intestine preferred site, >70% in colon

Question 26

Microbes ____ in number from proximal to distal

Answer 26

Increase

Question 27

Microbia main functions

Answer 27

Maintain intestinal homeostasis by 1) immunity 2) metabolic role 3) chemical modulator

Question 28

How to microbes impact behavior?

Answer 28

Microbia are affected by the body’s experiences -> send chemical signals that affect memory, emotions, behavior

Question 29

Initial exposure to Microbia occurs…

Answer 29

In the birth canal

Question 30

What happens to Microbia abundance and diversity as you age?

Answer 30

Age 0-1 increase in abundance Age 0-3 increase in diversity/development of composition

Question 31

Dysbiosis

Answer 31

Microbial imbalance

Question 32

What do Microbia do for the human body?

Answer 32

1) synthesize neurotransmitters 2) metabolize undigested food 3) inhibit pathogens from colonizing (disease prevention) 4) synthesize vitamins and amino acids

Question 33

FAST cell communication by…

Answer 33

Neurotransmitters

Question 34

FAST cell communication range

Answer 34

Short range, by axons

Question 35

SLOW cell communication by…

Answer 35

Hormones

Question 36

SLOW cell communication range

Answer 36

Long range, by diffusion through circulatory system

Question 37

Ranges of hormone diffusion…

Answer 37

1) short : autocrine 2) medium : paracrine 3) long : endocrine

Question 38

Autocrine diffusion

Answer 38

Acts on the same cell

Question 39

Paracrine diffusion

Answer 39

Acts on neighbors

Question 40

Endocrine diffusion

Answer 40

Requires circulation

Question 41

Negative feedback loop

Answer 41

Regulates homeostasis. Acts on stimulus and brings it back to normal. RESPONSE COUNTERACTS CHANGE.

Question 42

Positive feedback loop

Answer 42

Enhances the affect of stimulus. RESPONSE AMPLIFIES CHANGE. Ex. Childbirth (explain)