Prelim Exam Flashcards
1
Q
drug to treat breast cancer.
A
TAMOXIFEN
2
Q
an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human but flora.
A
Candida Albicans
3
Q
test to determine heart attack or not.
A
TROP I
4
Q
Muscle metabolism
A
Creatinine
5
Q
Protein Metabolism
A
Urea
6
Q
Purine metabolism
A
Urine
7
Q
Heme metabolism
A
Bilirubin
8
Q
other term for Point of Care Testing
A
near-patient testing, alternate testing, patient focused testing
9
Q
Used in emergency department, operating suites, clinics, health maintenance organization (HMO), physicians, offices & nursing homes
A
Point-of-Care Testing (POCT)
10
Q
Recently just happened / Emergency
A
Acute
11
Q
Happening in the past 6 months
A
chronic
12
Q
it will be known if the baby’s RBC is high.
A
CBC
13
Q
have a result in less than a minute.
A
poct
14
Q
test for glucose.
A
glucometer
15
Q
“Specimens or samples are ___ while substances in them are _____.”
A
analyzed, measured
16
Q
needed in order for the glucose to enter the red blood cells
A
insulin
17
Q
a decrease of this substance will make water will start to leak because no one will hold the water and the cause of having Edema.
A
albumin
18
Q
Take if you only have iron deficiency anemia (females)
A
iron
19
Q
It should be low content or else it will lead to underneath your skin (Hemochromatosis)
A
iron
20
Q
Muscle metabolism
A
creatinine
21
Q
Can’t metabolize by the liver into urea. Thus, becoming
A
ammonia
22
Q
It comes from the red blood cells
A
Bilirubin
23
Q
Dead RBC go here and serves as a storage
A
spleen
24
Q
Patients color becomes _____ when their bilirubin is high.
A
yellowish
25
yellow skin.
jaundice
26
Term used for yellow serum specimen.
Icterus
27
Heme ____ Globin _____ Iron _____
Bilirubin - Amino acid - Liver
28
undetectable when it is inside the RBC
eNZYME
29
RBC is detectabe due to ____ and ____.
cell rupture or cell injury
30
SGPT new term?
ALT
31
SGOT old term
AST
32
High HEPA =
HIgh AST/SGOT
33
CK1 - CKBB
Brain affected
34
CK2 - CKMM
mUSCULAR Injury
35
CK3 - CKBM
Muscle and Brain Injury (Heart attack)
36
Gold standard for knowing if the patient is having a heart attack.
TROP I
37
(+) kidney disease but (-) HA
TROP T
38
associated with Acute pancreatitis
AMS - Amylase
39
mg of sodium required in body
200mg
40
Alcoholic
GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase)
41
High in GGT means
broken liver
42
Liver enzyme
ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)
43
ALP sources (2)
Bone and Live r
44
used to Determine if the patient have prostate cancer
ACP (Acid Phospatase)
45
Seminal fluid has the highest ____ ?
ACP
46
– test used in rape cases.
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) under ACP
47
o Super active pineal gland (3rd eye)
ferritin
48
Too much paracetamol will attack your liver
acetaminophen
49
Very dangerous chemical when intake.
silver cleaner
50
involves a color change identify a chemical substance
colorimeteric
51
involves reduction or oxidation of a substance
redox
52
involves the formation of a compound using two molecules
condensation
53
utilizes enzymatic reactions to test for the ability
Degradative tests (Enzymatic)
54
ONE STEP (enzymes) under DEGRADATIVE TEST
one time only
55
ii. MULTI STEP (enzymes) under DEGRADATIVE TEST
Several times then get the average results
56
“ENZYMES is measured by _____, not ____
ACTIVITY - CONCENTRATION
57
mixture of different methods
MULTI METHOD
58
uses titration to identify an end product
TITRIMETRIC
59
involves relationship of potential differences and chemical reaction to identify a chemical change
ELECTROCHEMICAL
60
STAT meaning
short turn around time
61
Immediate; Urgent requests; Emergency
STAT
62
Usually less than 1 hour TAT
STAT
63
Electrolytes, CBC, Urinalysis, Uric Acid are under what lab request?
STAT
64
Important for clinical decisions and less than 2 hour TAT
Priority
65
Non urgent; standard or special tests
➢ Generally, 4-6 hours
routine
66
* NPO (Non-Per Orem)
o Nothing by mouth
67
is RBS (Random Blood Sugar) need fasting?
No
68
Borosilicate glass with low alkali content
Resists heat, corrosion and thermal shock
Most common are Pyrex, Kimax and Exax
1. High thermal resistant glass
69
Better able to resist clouding due to to alkali or scratching
Ideal for higher temperature thermometers, graduated
cylinders and centrifuge tubes.
corex
70
recommended for use in application involving high temperature and drastic heat shock and extreme chemical treatment with acids and dilute alkalies heatable to 900oC and withstand downshock from 900oC to ice water
➢ ideal for ashing and ignition techniques
vycor
71
ideal for high precision analytical work and can also be used for optical reflectors and mirrors
high silica glass
72
* known as soft glass
glass with high resistance to alkali
73
amber or red-colored to reduce the amount of light passing through the substance within the glassware
* highly protective laboratory glassware for handling heatlabile substances in the 300-500nm range (bilirubin, carotene and vitamin A)
low actinic glass
74
soda-lime glass which is composed of a mixture of oxides of Si, Ca and Na
standard flint glass
75
easy to melt and shape thus used as reagent bottles and disposable laboratory glasswares
standard flint glass
76
* Ideal for alkaline solutions and cryogenic experiments
plastic wares
77
Unique group of resins with relatively inert chemical properties and unaffected by acids
polyolefins
78
twice as strong as polypropylene (from –100oC to +160oC)
Chemical resistance is not as wide as the polyolefins
Ideal for centrifuge tubes and graduated cylinders
2. Polycarbonate resin
79
Nontoxic, clear plastic of modified PVC (polyvinylchloride)
* Used extensively for the manufacture of ACA tubings
* Flexible and used to handle most chemicals
tygon
80
* Almost chemically inert with high corrosion resistance at extreme temperatures
* For cryogenic experiments and work at high temperatures over extended periods
pure translucent white and inert
teflon fluorocarbon resins
81
Designed to deliver (TD) a fixed volume of liquid
Volumetric or Transfer Pipet
82
Calibration mark is etched around the upper suction tube
Volumetric or Transfer Pipet
82
Consists of a cylindrical bulb joined at both ends to narrower glass tubing
volumetric pipet
82
Used for accurate measurements of aliquots of non-viscous samples, filtrates, controls, and standard solutions
volumetric pipet
83
Used for measuring viscous fluids as blood or Serum
ostwald folin pipet
84
Has an etched ring near the mouthpiece (blowout pipet)
ostwald folin pipet
85
* Plain, narrow tube drawn out to a tip
* Graduated uniformly along its length
Graduated or Measuring Pipets
86
calibrated between two marks on the stem
mohr pipet
87
has graduation marks down on the tip and blown out to deliver the entire volume of the pipet if etched ring or double rings are evident near the mouth of the pipet
serological pipet
88
Not used for standard and sample
o Serological pipet
89
Mostly used in the laboratory
Serological pipet
90
Intended for the delivery of predetermined volumes
serological pipet
91
have larger orifice than mohr pipet
serological pipet
92
Principally used for the measurements of reagents and are not generally considered accurate enough for measuring viscous samples and standards
serological pipet
93
Sahli
TC
94
KIRK
TC
95
LANG LEVY
TD/TC
96
OVERFLOW
TC
97
CAPILLARY
TC
98
SANZ PIPET
TC=TD
99
UNOPETTE
TC
100
SEMIAUTOMATIC PIPET EPENDORF
TD/TC
101
a compound associated with water
Hydrate
102
when the water dissociates from the compound
Anhydrous
103
term used for substances that take up water on exposure
Hygroscopic
104
hygroscopic materials that remove moisture and keep other chemicals from being hydrated
Desiccants
105
desiccants that absorb enough water from the atmosphere to cause dissolution
▪ Deliquescent substances –
106
chemicals are of very high purity.
analytical reagent grade chemicals
107
USED most analytical laboratory procedures
AR GRADE
108
not injurious to humans and are used to produced drugs. They are not pure enough for use in most chemical procedures.
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the National Formulary (NF) grade chemicals
109
chemicals do not recommend for reagent preparations.
chemically pure (CP) or pure grade
110
primarily used in manufacturing and should not be used in the clinical laboratory.
technical grade
111
lowest quality and should not be used for analytical work. It is mostly used in homes.
technical grade
112
It should be exact.
std glucose
113
a chemical that is the highest purity and can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration.
primary stadard
114
PS atleast _____% pure and working standards at ____% pure
99.98% - 99.95%
115
atomic weight standards
grade a
116
ultimate standards
grade b
117
primary standards with >0.002% impurity
grade c
118
working standards with >0.5% impurity
grade d
119
secondary standards derived from using Grade C standards
grade e
120
used as primary standard materials in the clinical laboratory. They are relatively expensive and should be used as a reference for the comparison of commercially obtained standards and reagents.
standard reference materials
121
a substance of lower purity whose concentration is determined by comparison to a primary standard.
secondary standard
122
water suitable for reagent and standard preparation. Most procedures use distilled water or deionized water.
Reagent grade water (RGW)
123
excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any pyrogens or endotoxins
ultrafiltration
124
is purified to remove almost all organic materials.
distilled
125
produced from distilled water using either an anion or cation exchange resin followed by replacement of the removed particles with hydroxyl or hydrogen ions respectively.
deionized water
126
a process that uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane. It does not remove dissolved gases. It may be used for pretreatment of water
reverse osmosis
127
removes trace organic material or sterilization process at specific wavelengths
uv oxidation
128
has accurate measurement. It is used for procedures that require maximum water purity
type I rgw
129
used in most laboratory determination in chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology and other chemical laboratory areas.
type II rgw
130
used in most qualitative measurement/examinations, most procedures in urinalysis, parasitology and histology, washing glasswares and procedures not requiring Type I or Type II water.
type iii rgw
131
obtained by boiling Type II water.
co2 free water
132
expressed as % solution, molarity, molality, or normality
analyte
133
number of moles per L of solution
molarity
134
number of moles per Kg of solution
molality
135
equivalent weights per 1L of solution.
normality
136
pressure exerted by the vapor when the liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the vapor
vapor pressure
137
emperature at which crystal of solvent forms with the solution
Freezing point
138
temperature at which the vapor of the solvent reaches atmospheric pressure
Boiling point –
139
pressure that opposes osmosis when a solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane
Osmotic pressure
140
Routine washing may be done by soaking in dilute bleach followed by drying in an oven, soaking in 20% nitric acid solution for _____ and soaking in acid-dichromate solution.
12-24 hrs
141
For blood clots
10% NaOH.
142
For new pipets,
soak in 5% HCI or 5% HNO3.
143
metal ion determination,
soak in 20% nitric acid.
144
For grease
soak in any organic solvent or 50% KOH.
145
For permanganate stains
soak in 50% HCI or a mixture of 1% ferrous sulfate in 25% sulfuric acid.
146
For bacteriologic glassware
2% to 4% cresol solution
147
For iron determination
soak in 1:2 dilution of conc. HCI solution or 1:3 dilution of conc. HNO3.
148
can cause burns
caustic
149
also combustible, that is, can easily catch fire
Flammable
150
harmful to mucous membranes, skin, eyes or tissues
corrosive
151
can produce or incite cancer
carcinogen
152
cause changes in RNA or DNA
mutagen
153
cause birth defects
teratoen
154
The speed of the centrifuge is checked using the
tachometer or strobe light.
155
daily exposure to blood and body fluids.
category I
156
regular exposure to blood and body fluids.
Category II
157
no exposure to blood and body fluid
CATEGORY III
158
designates flammability - RED
TOP
159
indicates health hazard
LEFT - BLUE
160
indicates reactivity-stability
RIGHT - YELLOW
161
indicates special consideration
BOTTOM
162
Special Considerations:
* Water reactive
* Oxidizing agent
* Radioactive
* Poison
163
Records must be maintained for the length of employment plus
30 YEARS
164
The exposure limit FOR RADIATON
5000 mrem/year whole body
165
involves wiping laboratory surfaces with moistened absorbent material and the radiation contained in each wipe is counted.
WIPE TEST
166
ordinary combustible solid materials such as paper, wood, plastic and rubber
CLASS A
167
flammable liquids or gases and combustible petroleum products
CLASS B
168
energized electrical equipment
CLASS C
169
combustible/reactive metals like Mg, Na, & K
CLASS D
170
nuclear reaction
CLASS E
171
COOKING MEDIA
CLASS K
172
are for Class A fires.
Pressurized water extinguishers (Type A)
173
extinguishers are used for Class B and C fires.
Multi-purpose dry chemical and carbon dioxide (Type ABC)
174
extinguishers are recommended particularly for use with computer equipment.
(Type C) – Halogenated hydrocarbon
175
present special problems and extinguishments is left to trained fire fighters using special dry-chemical extinguishers.
(Type D) – Class D
176
hbv __ minutes and hiv ___minutes
10 minutes - 2mins
177
a special waste from health care facilities and is further defined as solid waste that, if improperly treated or handled may transmit infectious diseases
medica waste
178
for monthly calibration of analytical balances.
Class S weights
179
to calibrate the weights themselves since their quality is that of primary standards
Class M weights
180
used for routine analytical work.
Class S-1 –
181
are allowed greater tolerance levels than Class S-1.
Class P weights
182
used for microanalytical work.
Class J weights
183
The accuracy of the thermometer used to monitor the incubation temperature of an instrument should be verified every ____ months
6-12
184
Reference thermometers must be certified by the
NIST
185
For the monitoring of enzymatic reactions, thermometers should agree within
0.1 degress celsius
186
Thermometers used to check refrigerator and freezer temperatures should agree within
1.0 degrees celsius
187
immediate effects of exercise
alanine, lactate, FFA
188
MOST ANALYTES ARE DECREASED IN
FASTING
189
8-12 HRS fasting for
common metabolites
190
12-14 hrs fastin for
lipid profile
191
increased on HIgh meat
NPNs
192
concerned with the analytic phase of QA
QUALITY CONTROL (QC)
193
monitors the over-all reliability of laboratory results in terms of accuracy and precision
QC
194
was established by Belk which monitors primarily the accuracy of laboratory tests; the use of Youden plots
EXTERNAL QC (INTERLABORATORY QC)
195
was established by Levey which primarily monitors the day-to-day performance of laboratory tests -
INTERNAL QC (INTRALABORATORY QC)
196
PHYSICALY ACTIVE HAVE A RISE OF
MUSCLE ENZYME
197
Lipid profle contains
total cholesterol, TAG, HDL, LDL
198
made up of TAg rich
chylomicrons
199
ketone bodies
acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta hydroxybutyric acid
200
usually systematic errors or determinate errors that are caused by some factors in the analytical system
anaytical erros
201
usually called random errors or indeterminate errors that usually affect several analyses. Examples are mislabeling the specimen, wrong
PERSONNEL OR OPERATOR ERRORS
202
Values move continuously away from the mean in just one direction
TREND
203
Seen as an abrupt change from the established mean and continue in a linear fashion parallel to the mean.
SHIFT
204
the extent to which the mean measurement is close to the true value.
accuracy
205
the reproducibility of a laboratory determination when it is run repeatedly under identical conditions
precision
206
refers to the ability of a test to maintain its accuracy and precision for an extended period of time.
reliability
207
measure of dispersion of the values around the mean and in normal or GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION,
standard deviation
208
ability of the test to detect the smallest amount of the analyte in a solution or sample.
A highly sensitive test is characterized by a decreased probability of obtaining false negative results.
sensitivity
209
ability of the test to detect analyte without detecting other analytes that are also present in the sample.
A highly specific test leads to a decreased probability of obtaining false positive results.
specificity
210
solution (usually pooled serum samples) whose constituents are diverse but are known
control
211
a solution of a particular analyte of known characteristics and known value
standard
