PRELIM LABORATORY L1: ENZYMES Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
optimal pH for ALP
A
9.0-10.0
2
Q
activator of ALP
A
magnesium
3
Q
major tissue sources of ALP (from point of origin)
A
intestinal-placental-bone-liver
4
Q
heat denaturation order of ALP isoenzymes (heat stable to heat labile)
A
Regan-Nagao-placental-intestinal-liver-bone
5
Q
what ALP isoenzymes can be detected if added with phenylalanine inhibitor
A
liver, bone
6
Q
what ALP isoenzymes can be detected if added with levamisole inhibitor
A
placental, intestinal
7
Q
what ALP isoenzymes does phenylalanine inhibit?
A
placental, intestinal
8
Q
what ALP isoenzymes does levamisole inhibit?
A
liver, bone
9
Q
carcinoplacental ALPs
A
Regan, Nagao
10
Q
highest elevation seen of ALP
A
Paget’s Disease/Osteitis Deformans
11
Q
Clinical significance of ALP
A
evaluation of hepatobiliary and bone disorders
12
Q
a continuous-monitoring technique that allows calculation of ALP activity based on the molar absorptivity of p-nitrophenol
A
Bowers and McComb
13
Q
color of p-nitrophenol
A
yellow
14
Q
color of p-nitrophenylphosphate
A
colorless
15
Q
source of error for ALP
A
hemolysis
delay in running sample
following ingestion of high-fat meal
16
Q
how many time more concentrated is ALP in RBC than serum?
A
6 times
17
Q
optimal pH of ACP
A
5.0
18
Q
major tissue source of ACP
A
prostate
19
Q
clinical significance of ACP
A
elevated in prostatic carcinoma
20
Q
more specific marker for prostatic carcinoma
A
prostate specific antigen (PSA)
21
Q
how many days does ACP activity in seminal fluid from vaginal washing
A
4 days
22
Q
major isoenzymes of ACP
A
prostatic, erythrocytic, bone
23
Q
specific ACP
A
prostatic
24
Q
non-specific ACP
A
erythrocytic
25
tartrate-resistant ACP
bone
26
inhibitor of prostatic ACP
tartrate
27
inhibitor of erythrocytic ACP
formaldehyde and cupric sulfate
28
specific substrate of prostatic ACP; for quantitative endpoint reactions
thymolphthalein monophosphate
29
most commonly used substrate for ACP, also for continuous monitoring methods
naphthyl phosphate
30
assay for ACP
Immunoenzymatic Assay (Tandem E)
31
if ACP sample is not assayed, what should be done? If done, how many days stable
frozen or acidified at <6.5 pH; stable for 2 days
32
T or F:
is hemolyzed sample accepted for ACP testing? Why?
F; ACP is present in RBCs
33
major tissue sources of AMY
acinar cells of the pancreas, salivary glands
34
activators of AMY
calcium, chloride, iodine, bromide
35
earliest pancreatic marker
AMY
36
first pancreatic marker to back to normal levels
AMY
37
smallest enzyme
AMY
38
samples for AMY
serum, urine, saliva
39
isoenzymes of AMY (from point of origin)
P-type isoamylase (amylopsin)->S-type isoamylase (pytalin)
40
(AMY) measures the disappearance of starch substrate, based on the disappearance of color
Amyloclastic
41
dye used in amyloclastic method
iodine
42
color of starch+iodine in amyloclastic method
bluish black
43
principle of amyloclastic method
decrease in color is directly proportional to AMY concentration
44
T or F:
iodine is an insoluble dye that cannot be bound to starch
F
45
(AMY) measures the appearance of the product
saccharogenic
46
principle of saccharogenic method
concentration of reducing sugar is directly proportional to AMY activity
47
(AMY) measures the increasing color from the production of product couples with a chromogenic dye
chromogenic
48
principle of chromogenic method
increase in color intensity is proportional to AMY activity
49
T or F:
chromogenic dye is soluble and can bind to starch
F
50
(AMY) coupling of several enzyme systems to monitor amylase activity
continuous monitoring (change of absorbance at 340 nm, 6.9 pH)
51
little loss of AMY activity occurs at what duration and temperature
room temperature for 1 week or 4 C for 2 months
52
drugs that can cause false elevation of AMY
morphine and other opiates
53
principle of LPS
hydrolyzes the ester linkages of fats to produce alcohol and fatty acids
54
most specific enzyme
LPS
55
late marker for pancreatitis
LPS
56
how many days does LPS persist
5 days
57
how many days does AMY persist
2-3 days
58
how many isoenzymes does LPS has and which is the most specific and sensitive?
3; L2
59
assay used for LPS
Cherry Crandal
60
substrate for Cherry Crandal
olive oil
61
incubation time in Cherry Crandal
24 hours
62
(LPS) more pure form of TAG
triolein
63
end color of Cherry Crandal method
pink
64
more rapid assay method of LPS
turbidimetry
65
assays for LPS
Cherry Crandal
Turbidimetric methods
Colorimetric methods (coupled enzymatic reaction)
66
little loss of LPS activity occurs at what duration and temperature
RT for 1 week or for 3 weeks at 4 C
67
hemolyzed sample in LPS can cause what kind of result
false-negative (Hgb inhibit activity of LPS)
68
principle of creatine kinase
catalyzes the transfer of phosphate to creatine
69
3 major isoenzymes of CK
CK-MM
CK-MB
CK-BB
70
highest elevation of CK is seen in what condition
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
71
Macro-CK is comprised of:
CK-BB complexed with immunoglobulin (IgG/IgA)
72
what is mitochondrial CK
bound to exterior surface of the inner mitochondrial membranes of muscle, brain, and liver
73
arrange all CK isoenzymes
cathodal to anodal
Mi-MM-Macro-CK-MB-BB
74
methods for measurement of CK
electrophoresis
ion-exchange chromatography
several immunoassays
75
immunoassays that can detect CK-MB
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
immunoinhibition methods
76
forward/direct assay enzyme activity of CK
Tanzer-Gilvarg
77
pH of CK forward assay
9.0
78
enzymes activated in Tanzer-Gilvarg
CK
pyruvate kinase
LDH
79
reverse/indirect assay enzyme activity of CK
Oliver-Rosalki/Rosalki and Hess
80
pH of CK reverse assay
6.8
81
how many times much faster is Oliver-Rosalki than Tanzer-Gilvarg method
2-3 times
82
enzymes activated in Oliver-Rosalki
CK
hexokinase
G6PD
83
what causes elevation of CK in hemolyzed samples
Adenylate kinase (will react to ADP to produce ATP)
84
sample consideration for CK
serum should be stored in dark place (will be inactivated by light)
85
T or F:
CK inactivation by light is reversible
T
86
storage consideration of CK sample if not analyzed asap
storage in dark at 4C for 7 days or at 20C for 1 month when the assay is conducted using a sulfhydryl activator
87
ref range of CK
Male: 15-160 U/L
Female: 15- 130 U/L
88
ref range of CK-MB
<6% of total CK
89
least specific enzyme
lactate dehydrogenase
90
principle of LDH
catalyzes the interconversion of lactic and pyruvic acids
91
major isoenzymes of LDH
cathodal->anodal
LD5-LD4-LD3-LD2-LD1
92
Most abundant LDH isoenzyme
LD2
93
highest elevation of LDH is seen in what condition
pernicious/megaloblastic anemia
94
what condition is LD-flipped pattern seen aside from AMI
hemolytic anemia
95
what is LD6
alcohol dehydrogenase, present in arteriosclerotic cardiovascular failure
96
forward/direct assay of LDH
Wacker
97
pH of LDH forward assay
8.8 (8.3-8.9)
98
reverse/indirect assay of LDH
Wrobleuski LaDue
99
pH of LDH reverse assay
7.2 (7.1-7.4)
100
how many times faster is Wrobleuski than Wacker
3X
101
storage for LDH if not analyzed asap
stored at 25C and analyzed within 48 hours
102
ref range of LDH
100-225 U/L
103
other name of aspartate aminotransferase
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
104
major tissue sources of AST
cardiac muscle>liver>skeletal muscle>kidney>pancreas>RBCs
105
2 isoenzymes of AST
cytoplasmic
mitochondrial
106
AST isoenzyme that is increased in conditions producing cellular necrosis
mitochondrial AST
107
when is AST activity stable in serum
3-4 days at ref temp
108
ref range of AST
5-30 U/L
109
assay of AST
Karmen method
110
pH of Karmen
7.3-7.8
111
enzymes activated in AST assay
AST
malate dehydrogenase
112
other name of alanine aminotransferase
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
113
major source of ALT
liver
114
most liver specific enzyme
ALT
115
what is DeRitis ratio
to determine if the cause of liver disease is hepatocellular or hepatobiliary
116
DeRitis ratio of acute hepatits
>1.0
117
assay of ALT
couple enzymatic reaction
118
pH of ALT assay
7.3-7.8
119
enzymes activated in ALT assay
ALT
LDH
120
what enzymes are not affected by hemolysis
ALT
121
ALT is stable for how many days
3-4 days at 4C
122
ref range of ALT
6-37 U/L
123
7th LDH isoenzyme
LDX
124
<1 De Ritis ratio
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
125
>1/>2 De Ritis ratio
alcoholic liver disease
126
principle of Karmen method
catalyzes the reduction of oxaloacetate to malate with oxidation of NADH
127
