PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
THE IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES
2 People
A
- LUCRETIUS & GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553)
- ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
2
Q
Suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible living creatures”
A
LUCRETIUS & GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553)
3
Q
o Dutsch biologist
o First true microbiologist
o Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology
A
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
4
Q
Discovered Giardia lamblia in
his own stool
A
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
5
Q
o First to discover sperm cells
o Used the term “animalcules” or “beasties”
o Used self-made single lens microscope
with 50-300x magnification
A
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
6
Q
Cause of death: rapid contraction of the diaphragm
A
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK/Van Leeuwenhoek Disease
7
Q
non-living forms will be living forms
A
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
8
Q
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
3 PEOPLE
A
- FRANCISCO REDI (1626-1697)
- JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)
- LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-799)
9
Q
o Father of modern parasitology
o Founder of experimental biology
o Invalidated the long-held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things
A
FRANCISCO REDI (1626-1697)
10
Q
o British Roman Catholic
o Observe that the sealed flask with boiled
mutton broth became cloudy after
standing
o Organic matter possessed a “vital force”
that could give rise to life
A
JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)
11
Q
Cause of death: Parkinson’s Disease
A
JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)
12
Q
o Improved the previous experiments of
Needham by heating the broth placed in
a sealed jar and observe no growth took
place
o Concluded that microorganisms from the
air probably had entered Needham’s concoction after they were boiled
o Used aseptic technique
A
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-799)
13
Q
Cause of death: bladder cancer
A
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-799)
14
Q
BIOGENESIS
2 PEOPLE
A
- RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)
- LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
15
Q
o Challenged the doctrine of spontaneous
generation with the concept of biogenesis.
o First to observe Trichinella spiralis
A
RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)
16
Q
Cause of death: Heart Failure
A
RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)
17
Q
o Disproved the doctrine of spontaneous
generation
o Proposed the use of heat in killing
microorganisms = “aseptic technique”
o Improved the wine-making process
through fermentation and pasteurization
o Developed vaccines for anthrax (1881)
and rabies (1885)
A
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
18
Q
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
3 PEOPLE
A
- IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (1818-1865)
- JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
- ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
19
Q
advocated handwashing to prevent the spread of puerperal fever
A
IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (1818-1865)
20
Q
used phenol to prevent surgical
wound infections
A
JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
21
Q
o First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases
o Developed a culture medium for observing growth of bacteria isolated from human body
o Discovered Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
22
Q
Exception to Koch’s Postulate:
A
- Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms of the disease. These carriers may transmit the pathogens to others who then may become diseased.
- Some microbes are very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro in artificial media (Viruses, rickettsia, Chlamydia, M. leprae, T. pallidum)
- Introducing a pure culture to the experimental animal, the animal must be susceptible to that of the pathogen. Many animals are resistant to the specific pathogen and most pathogens are speciesspecific.
- Use of human volunteer are difficult to find and ethical considerations limit their use.
- Certain pathogens develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades a weekend host.
23
Q
VACCINATION
LIST 7
A
- BUDDHIST MONKS
- VARIOLATION
- EDWARD JENNER (1796)
- LOUIS PASTEUR (1798)
- PAUL EHRLICH (1910)
- ALEXANDER FLEMING (1928)
- 1930s
24
Q
drank snake venom to confer immunity to snake bite
A
BUDDHIST MONKS
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practiced in 17th century China
VARIOLATION
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o inoculated a person with cowpox
virus resulting to protection to small pox
o Vaccination from vacca meaning “cow”
EDWARD JENNER (1796)
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discovered the 1st vaccine against smallpox
LOUIS PASTEUR (1798)
28
developed a synthetic arsenic drug, Salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
PAUL EHRLICH (1910)
29
discovered the 1st Antibiotic (Penicillin)
ALEXANDER FLEMING (1928)
30
DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY
1. PARASITOLOGY
2. MYCOLOGY
3. PHYCOLOGY
4. VIROLOGY
5. BACTERIOLOGY
31
*Sulphonamides* were synthesized
1930s
32
study of fungi, including their genetic and
biochemical properties, their taxonomy and
their use to humans as a source for tinder,
medicine, food and entheogens, as well as
their dangers, such as poisoning or infection
MYCOLOGY
33
o From the Greek word phykos, meaning
“seaweed”
o the scientific study of algae
PHYCOLOGY
34
study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them
PARASITOLOGY
35
o study of viruses submicroscopic parasitic
particles of genetic material contained in a
protein coat and virus-like agent
o Smallest intact infectious agents
o Intracellular reproduction only
VIROLOGY
36
o study of bacteria
o Unicellular
o Contains both RNA and DNA
o Multiplies by BINARY FISSION
BACTERIOLOGY
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* Orderly classification and grouping of organisms into categories
* formal system of organizing, classifying and
naming living things
TAXONOMY
38
TAXONOMY Comprises 3 distinct areas:
o Classification
o Nomenclature
o Identification
39
CLASSIFICATION
| LIST 9
1. DOMAIN
2. KINGDOM
3. PHYLUM
4. CLASS
5. ORDER
6. FAMILY
7. GENUS
8. SPECIES
9. SUBSPECIES (“subsp.”)
40
Bacteria and Archaebacteria
DOMAIN
41
similar families
ORDER
42
similar orders
CLASS
43
similar phyla; similarities of DNA and RNA
KINGDOM
44
similar classes
PHYLUM
45
similar genera
FAMILY
46
basic group or collection of bacterial strains
with common physiologic and genetic features
SPECIES
47
various species with common characteristics
GENUS
48
based on serologic differences
SEROTYPE/ serovarieties
(“serovar”)
49
* species which are subdivided based on the ff. phenotypic differences
SUBSPECIES (“subsp.”)
50
based on biochemical differences
ex. *Staphylococcus aureus*
BIOTYPE/ biovarieties (“biovar”)
51
CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES:
* No nucleus
* Genome: single circular chromosome
* Ribosomes: RNA + protein
o 50S + 30S = 70S in size
* With CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
* Some bacteria may show SPORES
52
CELL ENVELOPE STRUCTURES:
* Contains Plasma Membrane (PM)
* Contains Cell wall and some do not
53
54
Various pathogenic bacteria produce CAPSULE and SLIME LAYERS
SURFACE POLYMERS
55
* highly organized
* tightly attached
* geletinous
CAPSULE
56
* unorganized
* loosely attached
* irregular, diffuse layer
SLIME LAYER
57
58
CELL APPENDAGES
1. FLAGELLA
2. PILI
3. FIMBRIAE
59
organ of locomotion; exterior protein
filaments that rotate and cause bacteria to be
motile
FLAGELLA
60
nonflagellar, sticky, proteinaceous, hair-like
appendages that adhere some bacterial cells
to one another and to environmental surfaces
FIMBRIAE
61
o “conjugation pili”
o nonmotile, long, hollow protein tubes that
connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA
exchange
PILI
62
Holds the organelles
CELL BODY
63
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY
BASIC PARTS
1. CELL BODY
2. CAPSULE
3. FLAGELLA
4. PILI/FIMBRIAE
5. ENDOSPORE
64
▪ For cell rigidity
▪ Exterior strength
▪ Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: lacks cell wal
Cell Membrane
65
o Sugar or amino acid residues
o Protects from WBC phagocytosis
o The only way to engulf is by opsonization
(antibody attachment to capsules)
CAPSULE
66
lacks cell wall
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
67
The only way to engulf is by
opsonization
(antibody attachment to capsules)
68
o Tail structures of protein
o Provides locomotion
o Affixed in basal body
o The basal body spins around and spins the
flagellum
FLAGELLA
69
FLAGELLA ARRANGEMENT TYPES:
▪ Peritrichous
▪ Atrichous (No Flagella)
▪ Lophotrichous
▪ Amphitrichous
▪ Monotrichous
70
Shorter than flagella
PILI/FIMBRIAE
71
Mediate DNA exchange via
conjugation
Pili/Sex Pilus
72
o Metabolically dormant forms
o Survivability in extreme conditions
o Formed by two genera:
▪ Bacillus: aerobic
▪ Clostridium: anaerobic
o Resistant to heat (boiling), cold, drying and
chemical reagents
ENDOSPORE
73
Adherence to the environment
Fimbriae
74
ENDOSPORE 2 GENERA:
▪ Bacillus: aerobic
▪ Clostridium: anaerobic
75
HOW TO KILL ENDOSPORE
AUTOCLAVING: 121C, 15psi,
15mins
76
Stain for spore
Schaeffer-Fulton
77
There are 3 main morphological shapes:
1. COCCI (spherical)
2. BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)
3. SPIROCHETES (spiral)
78
COCCI (spherical):
o Coccus: singly
o Diplococci: in pairs
o Streptococci: in chains
o Staphylococcus: in clusters
o Tetrads
o Sarcina
79
singly
| COCCI (spherical)
Coccus
80
in pairs
| COCCI (spherical)
Diplococci
81
in chains
| COCCI (spherical)
Streptococci
82
in clusters
| COCCI (spherical)
Staphylococcus
83
a group or set of four
| COCCI (spherical)
tetrads
84
cube-like shape
| COCCI (spherical)
Sarcina
85
BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)
o Coccobacilii
o Fusiform (tapered end)
o Vibrio / Comma
o Palisades (align side by side)
86
very short rods or ovals
| BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)
Coccobacilli
87
tapered end
| BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)
Fusiform
88
comma-like
| BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)
Vibrio / Comma
89
align side by side
| BACILLUS/BACILLI (rod-shaped)
Palisades
90
spiral-shaped
SPIROCHETES (spiral)
91
All COCCI gram positive (+) except
o Neisseria
o Branhamella (Moraxella)
o Veilonella
92
All BACILLI are gram negative (-) except:
o Bacillus
o Listeria
o Clostridium
o Corynebacterium
o Erysipelothrix
o Lactobacillus
o Mycobacterium
o Actinomadura
o Arcanobacterium
o Gordonia
o Kuthria
o Nocardia
o Rhodococcus
o Streptomyces
o Tropheryma whipplei
o Tsukamurella
93
* Genetic alterations and diversity in bacteria are accomplished by 3 basic mechanisms:
1. MUTATION
2. GENETIC RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION)
3. GENETIC EXCHANGE
94
MUTATION
95
GENETIC RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS
RECOMBINATION)
96
GENETIC RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS
RECOMBINATION)
97
GENETIC EXCHANGE:
1. TRANSFORMATION (direct)
2. TRANSDUCTION (infects)
3. CONJUGATION (mating)
98
uptake and incorporation of naked
(free) DNA into a bacterial cell
| GENETIC EXCHANGE
TRANSFORMATION (direct)
99
transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage (virus capable of infecting bacteria) from one cell to another
| GENETIC EXCHANGE
TRANSDUCTION (infects)
100
transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain via sex pili
| GENETIC EXCHANGE
CONJUGATION (mating)
101
The donor strain produces a sex pilus, which binds to the recipient cell and brings the two cells in close contact
| GENETIC EXCHANGE
CONJUGATION (mating)
102
Major nutritional need for growth:
1. CARBON
2. NITROGEN
3. ENERGY
103
oSource of CARBON (for making cellular constituents):
| Major nutritional need for growth:
50%
104
Source of NITROGEN (for making proteins):
| Major nutritional need for growth:
14%
105
Source of ENERGY (ATP, for performing cellular functions):
| Major nutritional need for growth:
4% (phosphate, electrolytes)
106
* Bacteria are classified into 2 basic groups according to how they meet their nutritional needs:
o Autotrophs
o Heterotrophs
107
CARBON SOURCE:
Autotrophs (lithotrophs)
Heterotrophs (organotrophs)
108
are able to grow simply, using carbon
dioxide as the sole source of carbon,
with only water and inorganic salts
required in addition
Autotrophs (lithotrophs)
109
obtains energy either photosynthetically (phototrophs) or by oxidation of inorganic compounds (chemolithotrophs).
Autotrophs (lithotrophs)
110
occur in environmental
milieus.
Autotrophs (lithotrophs)
111
ENERGY SOURCE:
* Phototrophs
* Chemotrophs
112
ELECTRON SOURCE:
* Lithotrophs
* Organotrophs
113
GROWTH FACTORS:
1. Prototrophics
2. Auxotrophics
114
do not require an exogenous
source of growth factor
Prototrophics
115
require the addition of growth
factor to culture media
Auxotrophics
116
IONIC STRENGTH:
Halophiles
117
requiring High Salt concentrations
Halophiles
118
CARBON DIOXIDE (3-10%):
Capnophiles
119
requiring High CO2
concentrations (5-10%)
Capnophiles
120
MOISTURE:
Humidophiles
121
requiring increased moisture
content
Humidophiles
122
grow in the presence of atmospheric/free 02)
AEROBE
123
grow in the absence of atmospheric 02)
ANAEROBE
124
grow ONLY in the presence of 02
Obligate aerobe
125
fundamentally aerobe but CAN grow in the absence of 02
Facultative anaerobe
126
grow BEST at low or reduced 02 tensions (2-10 02)
Microaerophiles
127
grow ONLY in the absence of 02
Obligate anaerobe
128
fundamentally anaerobe, but CAN grow in the presence of O2
Facultative aerobe
129
do not grow well but do survive in the presence of 02
Aerotolerant anaerobe
130
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS:
1. TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS
2. PH REQUIREMENTS
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS
131
TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS:
1. PSYCHROPHILES/ CRYOPHILES
2. MESOPHILES
3. THERMOPHILES/ HYPERTHERMOPHILES
132
“Cold-loving”
PSYCHROPHILES/ CRYOPHILES
133
PSYCHROPHILES/ CRYOPHILES Can grow at
0 - 20 °C
134
“Middle loving”
MESOPHILES
135
MESOPHILES Best growth between
25 - 45 °C
136
“Heat loving”
THERMOPHILES/ HYPERTHERMOPHILES
137
THERMOPHILES/ HYPERTHERMOPHILES Optimum growth between
50 - 60 °C
138
optimal temperature for most clinically significant bacteria is
35-37°C
139
PH REQUIREMENTS:
1. ACIDOPHILES
2. NEUTROPHILES
3. ALKALOPHILES
140
grow best under acidic conditions
ACIDOPHILES
141
ACIDOPHILES PH:
0 and 5.5
142
grow best at neutral pH
NEUTROPHILES
143
NEUTROPHILES PH:
5.5 and 8.0
144
grow best under alkaline conditions
ALKALOPHILES
145
ALKALOPHILES PH:
8.5 and 11.5
146
optimal pH for most clinically significant bacteria is
6.5 – 7.5
147
can grow and often thrive in areas of high salt (NaCl) concentration
HALOPHILES
148
grow better at high CO2
levels and low O2 levels
CAPNOPHILES
149
require an atmosphere enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)
CAPNOPHILES
150
Bacteria replicates through ___________ with one cell dividing into two cells
BINARY FISSION
151
time required for one cell to divide into two cells
GENERATION TIME or doubling time
152
4 PHASES OF GROWTH:
1. LAG PHASE (PHASE OF REJUVENATION/ PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH)
2. LOG PHASE (EXPONENTIAL/ LOGARITHMIC PHASE
3. STATIONARY PHASE (PHASE OF EQUILIBRIUM/PLATEAU PHASE
4. . DEATH PHASE (PHASE OF DECLINE)
153
During which bacteria are preparing to divide (very active metabolically)
LAG PHASE (PHASE OF REJUVENATION/
PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH)
154
Adaptation to their new environment
LAG PHASE (PHASE OF REJUVENATION/
PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH)
155
Little or no multiplication
LAG PHASE (PHASE OF REJUVENATION/
PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH)
156
Balanced growth - maximal rates of cell division & mass increase
LOG PHASE (EXPONENTIAL/ LOGARITHMIC PHASE
157
numbers of bacteria remain constant
STATIONARY PHASE (PHASE OF EQUILIBRIUM/
PLATEAU PHASE
157
During which bacteria numbers increase logarithmically
LOG PHASE (EXPONENTIAL/ LOGARITHMIC PHASE
158
Rate of cell production = rate of cell death
STATIONARY PHASE (PHASE OF EQUILIBRIUM/
PLATEAU PHASE
158
nutrients become limited; growth stops; growth reaches a plateau
STATIONARY PHASE (PHASE OF EQUILIBRIUM/
PLATEAU PHASE
159
When the number of nonviable bacterial cells
exceeds the number of viable cells
. DEATH PHASE (PHASE OF DECLINE)
160
Complete cessation of multiplication occurs
. DEATH PHASE (PHASE OF DECLINE)
161
o microorganism that are commonly found in
a healthy body sites of healthy persons
o for protection from potential pathogens
NORMAL OR INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA/ FLORA
162
microorganism that colonizes a certain body site for months or years
RESIDENT MICROBIOTA
163
microorganism that are present on body site temporarily
TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA
164
The normal flora can be opportunistic when:
o There is alteration of the habitat
o The host has low immune system
165
According to CAUSE:
| PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION
1. AUTOGENOUS INFECTION
2. IATROGENIC INFECTION
3. OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
4. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
165
It occurs when an infection causes significant
changes in human physiology, notably those
that induce organ system damage
DISEASE
165
It is characterized by the proliferation and
multiplication of microorganisms that cause
harm to their host
INFECTION
165
occurs as a result of a medical
treatment or procedure
IATROGENIC INFECTION
165
cause by microorganism from the
microbiota of the host
AUTOGENOUS INFECTION
166
immunocompromised is affected but the healthy is not
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
166
“Hospital acquired” infection
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
167
According to HOST DISTRIBUTION:
| PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION
1. LOCAL INFECTION
2. FOCAL INFECTION
3. SYSTEMIC INFECTION (GENERALIZED
INFECTION)
168
signs and symptoms is on one
specific area
LOCAL INFECTION
168
signs and symptoms are spreading
FOCAL INFECTION
169
microbes are spreading via blood of lymph
SYSTEMIC INFECTION (GENERALIZED
INFECTION)
170
bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
171
pus producing organism
that invade in bloodstream
Pyemia
171
- bacteria in the blood is
actively multiplying; can cause to
shock
Septicemia
172
presence of toxin in the
blood
Toxemia
