PRELIM LESSON#1: INTRODUCTION TO ENZYMATICS

Question 1

Study of enzymes: activity of enzymes, chemical reaction they create, clinical uses

Answer 1

ENZYMOLOGY

Question 2

○ present inside tissues and cells
○ Not common in the circulation

Answer 2

ENZYMES

Question 3

_________ act as Biological catalysts

Answer 3

ENZYMES

Question 4

Hasten chemical reactions

Answer 4

ENZYMES

Question 5

___________are not consumed during the reactions

Answer 5

ENZYMES

Question 6

__________ is not diagnostic to a certain
disease, but it is useful in specifying which organ is
affected

Answer 6

Enzyme testing

Question 7

Enzyme + Substrate = __________

Answer 7

Product

Question 8

_____________are categorized according to what they catalyze

Answer 8

Enzymes

Question 9

recognizes and catalyzes a single substrate

Answer 9

ABSOLUTE

Question 10

Recognizes and catalyzes a group of
substrates that have specific functional
groups

Answer 10

GROUP

Question 11

Recognizes and catalyzes a group of
substrates that have a particular type of
bond

Answer 11

LINKAGE

Question 12

Enzyme specificity has three groups

Answer 12

Absolute
Group
Linkage

Question 13

3 NOMENCLATURE OF ENZYMES

Answer 13

SRE
1) Substrate + -ase
2) Reaction it catalyzes
3) Enzyme Commission Nomenclature (E.C.)

Question 14

Lipid = __________

Answer 14

lipase

Question 15

Ester = __________

Answer 15

esterase

Question 16

Protein = ________

Answer 16

protease

Question 17

Amylose = ___________

Answer 17

amylase

Question 18

Lactose = ___________

Answer 18

lactase

Question 19

Oxidation = __________

Answer 19

oxidase

Question 20

Reduction = ___________

Answer 20

reductase

Question 21

Hydrolysis = ___________

Answer 21

hydrolase

Question 22

_________ = remove hydrogen atoms

Answer 22

Dehydrogenase

Question 23

_________ = remove carboxyl groups

Answer 23

Decarboxylase

Question 24

ex. E.C. 1.1.1.21

Answer 24

3) Enzyme Commission Nomenclature (E.C.)

Question 25

1st digit =_______ ○ Based on the OTHLIL classification ● 2nd digit = _______ ● 3rd and 4th =_________

Answer 25

class subclass serial number

Question 26

The names of some enzymes do not end in -ase ex. _______, _________

Answer 26

pepsin, trypsin

Question 27

__________ - active form of pepsinogen

Answer 27

Pepsin

Question 28

_____________- active form of trypsinogen

Answer 28

Trypsin

Question 29

2) Reaction it catalyzes (5 examples)

Answer 29

ORHDD Oxidation reduction hydrolysis dehydrogenase decarboxylase

Question 30

1) Substrate + -ase (5 examples)

Answer 30

Lipids Esterase Protein Amylose Lactose

Question 31

OTHLIL CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES

Answer 31

OTHLIL ● Oxidoreductases ● Transferases ● Hydrolases ● Lyases ● Isomerases ● Ligases

Question 32

removal of H ion / electrons

Answer 32

Oxidation

Question 33

acceptance of H ion / electrons

Answer 33

Reduction

Question 34

Ex. E.C. 1.1.1.27: L-lactate NAD+ Oxidoreductase ○ Lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 34

OXIDOREDUCTASES

Question 35

Transfer of functional groups other than hydrogen from one substrate to another

Answer 35

2) TRANSFERASES

Question 36

Ex. E.C. 2.6.1.1 : L-Aspartate: 2-Oxaloglutarate Aminotransferase ○ Aspartate Aminotransferase

Answer 36

TRANSFERASES

Question 37

Hydrolysis of various bonds

Answer 37

HYDROLASES

Question 38

○ Addition of water to a bond resulting in bond breakage

Answer 38

3) HYDROLASES

Question 39

Ex. E.C. 3.1.1.3 : triacylglycerol lipase

Answer 39

3) HYDROLASES

Question 40

Catalyze the removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis or oxidation

Answer 40

4) LYASES

Question 41

the product contains double bonds or a ring

Answer 41

4) LYASES

Question 42

Rearrange the functional groups within a molecule and catalyze the conversion of one isomer into another Ex. Phosphoglycerate mutase

Answer 42

ISOMERASES

Question 43

Catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond Ex. DNA ligase

Answer 43

6) LIGASES

Question 44

● Site where enzyme binds to the substrate

Answer 44

ACTIVE SITE

Question 45

● Has the same shape as substrate ● Two types: lock and key, induced fit

Answer 45

ACTIVE SITE

Question 46

Binding site on enzyme where activators and inhibitors bind

Answer 46

ALLOSTERIC SITE

Question 47

Changes the structure of the active site to prevent substrate binding

Answer 47

Inhibitor

Question 48

Changes the shape of the active site to the appearance of the substrate to promote binding

Answer 48

Activator

Question 49

● Acted upon by the enzyme ● Specific

Answer 49

SUBSTRATE

Question 50

Different form but with the same action

Answer 50

ISOENZYME

Question 51

● Non-protein molecule ● Facilitate enzymatic reactions ● Not all reactions require cofactors

Answer 51

COFACTOR

Question 52

Some enzymes require cofactors ● Without cofactors: ____________ ● With cofactors: _____________

Answer 52

Some enzymes require cofactors ● Without cofactors: inactive apoenzyme ● With cofactors: active holoenzyme

Question 53

● tightly bound ● Metal ions (activators) or organic molecules ● Change the configuration of the enzyme/link substrate to enzyme/coenzyme

Answer 53

PROSTHETIC GROUPS

Question 54

● loosely bound ● Organic molecules ● "second substrate" for enzyme reactions

Answer 54

COENZYMES

Question 55

what are the two TYPES OF COFACTORS

Answer 55

PROSTHETIC GROUPS and COENZYMES

Question 56

● Polypeptide portion ● Inactive enzyme

Answer 56

APOENZYME

Question 57

Apoenzyme + Coenzyme

Answer 57

HOLOENZYME

Question 58

● Also known as zymogen ● Enzyme precursor; inactive ● No active site ● Converted by proteolysis Ex: Trypsinogen to Trypsin ________________________

Answer 58

PROENZYME Chymotrypsinogen to Chymotrypsin