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BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE > (PRELIM) PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES AND ARCHAE > Flashcards

(PRELIM) PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES AND ARCHAE Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

These are organisms that do not contain a true nucleus.

A

PROKARYOTES

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2
Q

These organisms also do not contain organelles such as Mitochondria ,endoplasmicreticulum,and Golgi apparatus .

A

PROKARYOTES

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3
Q

All the functions of the prokaryotes take place in the ________ or _________

A

cytoplasm or cytoplasmicmembrane.

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4
Q

The word “prokaryote” is formed by the words “pro,” which means

A

before

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5
Q

the Greek word “karyon” which means

A

nucleus, nut, or kernel

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6
Q

A common example of these cells (prokaryotes) are the ______

A

bacteria

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7
Q

It is the outer most structure of the bacterial cell

A

Cell Envelope

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8
Q

It is composed of an outer membrane (Gram-negative bacteria), cell wall, periplasm (Gram- negativebacteria), and plasma membrane.

A

Cell Envelope

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9
Q

It is also referred to as a peptidoglycan or murein

A

Cell Wall

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10
Q

It is a rigid structure that maintains the shape of the cell

A

Cell Wall

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11
Q

It is composed of disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits and teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

A

Cell Wall

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12
Q

Its synthesis and structure have been the primary target of antimicrobial agents.

A

Cell Wall

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13
Q

It serve as a point anchorage for the flagella

A

Cell Wall

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14
Q

It determines the staining characteristics of a species.

A

Cell Wall

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15
Q

What is the two types of cell wall

A

Gram-positive cell wall
Gram-negative cell wall

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16
Q

It is composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer.

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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17
Q

It consists of glycan chains of alternating N-acetyl-D- glucosamine(NAG) and N-acetyl-Dmuramic(NAM)acid.

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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18
Q

It contains a negatively charged teichoic acid and contributes to the total electric charge of the cell wall

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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19
Q

It is the prime target of antimicrobial agents, like penicillin, which prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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20
Q

It has porins that contribute to the permeability of the cell wall.

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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21
Q

It contains a periplasmic space which is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis.

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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22
Q

It does not contain teichoic acid.

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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23
Q

The 2 layers of the Gram-Negative Cell Wall

A

Outer membrane / wall
Inner membrane / wall

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24
Q

It is composed of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)

A

Outer membrane / wall

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25
.It is vital in evading the host defenses - the strong negative charge of the outer membrane is an important factor in evading phagocytosis
Outer membrane / wall
26
It contributes to the negative charge of the bacterial surface, which stabilizes the membrane structure.
Outer membrane / wall
27
It allows hydrophilic compounds to enter the cell through the porins.
Outer membrane / wall
28
It acts as a barrier to toxic substances that prevents movement inside the cell.
Outer membrane / wall
29
It is also considered as an endotoxin.
Outer membrane/wall
30
3 regions of LPS: Lipid A (endotoxin, major component), core polysaccharide, and antigenic O-specific polysaccharide
Outer membrane/wall
31
It is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer, which is the reason for its high susceptibility to mechanical breakage
Inner membrane/wall
32
It has a Gram-positive cell wall structure
Acid-fast cell wall
33
Aside from a peptidoglycan layer, it contains a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid) that is bound to the exterior of the cell wall
Acid-fast cell wall
34
Mycolic acid has a strong hydrophobic structure that affects the permeability of the acid-fast cell wall
Acid-fast cell wall
35
Some examples of bacterial cells that have this kind of cell wall are Mycobacterium and Nocardia.
Acid-fast cell wall
36
Prokaryotes that do not have a cell wall contain sterols in their cell membrane
Absence of a cell wall
37
Examples of these are: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Absence of a cell wall
38
it functions as mitochondria, Golgi complexes and lysozymes
Plasma Membrane
39
it acts as an osmotic barrier
Plasma Membrane
40
it regulates the transport of solute across the membrane as well as the generation of chemical energy (ATP)
Plasma Membrane
41
it is the site or respiratory and photosynthesis.
Plasma Membrane
42
3 Cytoplasmic Structure a Prokaryotic Cell
1. Ribosome (Non-Membranous Structure) 2. Genome 3. Plasmid
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It is the site of protein biosynthesis and gives the cytoplasm a granular structure.
Ribosome (Non-Membranous Structure)
44
It consists of RNA and Proteins
Ribosome (Non-Membranous Structure)
45
It is 70S in size and separate into two subunits 50S and 30S
Ribosome (Non-Membranous Structure)
46
It consist of a single, circular chromosome
Genome
47
It appears diffused nucleiod or chromatin body that is attached to a mesosome (sac like structure)
Genome
48
It is an extrachromosomal, double-stranded element of DNA that is associated with virulence.
Plasmid
49
It is located in the cytoplasm and serves as a site for the genes to encode for antibiotic resistance and toxin production.
Plasmid
50
It is a self-replicating cellular structure that may be transferred to a daughter cell (vertical transfer) or may be transferred asexually through conjugation (horizontal transfer)
Plasmid
51
It is not essential for bacterial growth thus, a bacterial cell may or may not contain a plasmid.
Plasmid
52
- It sometimes disappears during cell division, and it can ma~e bacteria (mostly Gram- negative bacteria) pathogenic.
Plasmid
53
Two Kinds of Plasmids:
Large plasmids Small plasmids
54
is responsible for production of betalactamases that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin and oxacillin
Large plasmids
55
is resistant to tetracyclinrd and chloramphenicol
Small plasmids
56
They serve as the energy source or food reserve of the bacteria
Inclusion bodies
57
They are composed mainly of polysaccharides, which lessen osmotic pressure
Inclusion bodies
58
Examples: Glycogen, cyanophycin granules, poly-betahydroxybutyrate granules, carboxysomes (cyanobacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and thiobacilli), gas vacuoles (cyanobacteria, halobacterium, and Thiothrix), and polyphosphate granules (volutin or metachromatic granules)
Inclusion bodies
59
Examples of polyphosphate granules: Babes-Ernst bodies (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), bipolar bodies (Yersinia pestis), and Much's granules (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Inclusion bodies
60
These are small, dormant structures located inside the bacterial cell
Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)
61
They aid in the survival of bacteria against external conditions
Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)
62
They are produced within vegetative cells of some Gram-positive bacteria
Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)
63
They are composed of dipicolinic acid and calcium ions (calcium dipicolinate)
Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)
64
The locations of these structures aid in the microscopic identification of bacteria
Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)
65
Examples of endospore-forming bacteria:
Badllus and Clostridum
66
3 Types of Spores According to their Location and the Associated Organism
a. Terminal spore b. Subterminal spore c. Central spore
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Terminal spore
Clostridium tetani
68
Subterminal spore
Clostridium botulinum
69
Central spore
Badllus anthracis
70
It is an outward complex of polysaccharides on the bacterial surface and other cells
Glycocalyx
71
It helps the bacteria in attaching to the surface of tissues or solid objects
Glycocalyx
72
It appears as a capsule or a slime layer
Glycocalyx
73
2 Types of Glycocalyx
a. Capsule b. Slime layer
74
It is an organized material that is firmly attached to the cell wall
Capsule
75
It is mostly made up of polysaccharide polymers
Capsule
76
It protects the bacteria (virulence factor) from the attacks of human defense system cells since it resists phagocytosis and dessication.
Capsule
77
Slime layer
It is an unorganized material that is loosely attached to the cell wall
78
It also consists of polysaccharides
Slime layer
79
It can either inhibit phagocytosis or aid in the adherence of the bacteria to the host tissue or synthetic implants
Slime layer
80
It is important in the survivability and the pathogenic ability of bacteria.
Flagellum (Organ of Locomotion)
81
It is an exterior protein filament (flagellin) that rotates and causes bacteria to be motile.
Flagellum (Organ of Locomotion)
82
5 Flagellar Arrangement
Atrichous Monotrichous Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Peritrichous
83
without flagellum
Atrichous
84
single flagellum on one end
Monotrichous-
85
single flagellum on both ends
Amphitrichous
86
tuff/group of flagella on one end or both ends
Lophotrichous
87
spread over the whole surface
Peritrichous
88
These are hair-like, proteinaceous structures, about 2 μm in length, that extend from the cell membrane to the external environment.
Pili (Fimbriae)
89
2 Types of Pili
a. Common/Somatic Pili b. Sex Pili
90
they are the organ of attachment - aid in the attachment of bacteria to issues and surfaces
Common/Somatic Pili
91
They are considered a virulence factor.
Common/Somatic Pili
92
Examples of bacteria with common pili:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Pseudomonas
93
They are an essential part of the genetic transfer or conjugation process
Sex Pili
94
Example of bacteria with sex pili
E. coli (also with somatic pili
95
3 WAYS TO DEMONSTRATE MOTILITY
Hanging Drop Method Use of Semi-solid media i.e SIM Use of flagellar stains i.e. Gray’s. Leifson
96
Alcaligenes Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis Campylobacter Clostridium tetani Escherichia coli Helicobacter Listeria Pseudomonas Vibrio
MOTILE BACTERIA
97
Bacillus anthracis Klebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae
BACTERIA WITH CAPSULES
98
Bacillus Clostridium
BACTERIA WITH SPORES
99
Corynebacterium Mycobacterium Nocardia and Actinomycetes Pasteurella and Bordetella Babes-Ernst bodies Much' s granules Sulfur granules Bipolar bodies
BACTERIA WITH INCLUSION BODIES OR GRANULES
100
3 MAIN MORPHOLOGICAL SHAPES
1. COCCI - (Spherical) 2. BACILLUS / BACILLI- (Rod-Shaped) 3. SPIROCHETES (Spiral)
101
singly
Coccus
102
in pairs
Diplococci
103
in chains
Streptococci
104
group-like in clusters
Staphylococci
105
4
Tetrads
106
8 (cube-like)
Sarcina
107
short to long filamentous rods
Coccobacilli
108
tapered end
Fusiform
109
comma
Vibrio
110
align side-by-side
Palisades

BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE (6 decks)

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