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Radthera > Prelim Topic 1 > Flashcards

Prelim Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Discovered x-ray while expermenting on a cathode ray tube on Nov. 8, 1895

A

Wilhelm conrad roentgen

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2
Q

suggested they used in the treatment of disease; also first successful treatment of lupus vulgaris and in what year?

A

Leopold freund and eduard schiff, january 1896

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3
Q

What year and who treated px with advance breast CA

A

January 1896, emil grubbe

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4
Q

The first diagnostic x-ray was taken at __ in __.

A

Darmouth college, february 1896

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5
Q

__ – __ and__ did a successful treatment of lupus erythematosus

A

1898 schiff and freund

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6
Q

__ - __ reported first CA cured by radiation, a basal cell cancer of the nose

A

1899, Thor stenbeck

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7
Q

__- __ due to large, single dose treatment from low energy beam; causes burns (erythema)

A

1890, less skin sparing

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8
Q

__- __ observed 1st physiological effect of radium

A

1890, Otto walkhoff

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9
Q

__- __, had placed a tube of radium in his pocket, where it had remained for several hours; a week or two after which there was a severe inflammation of his skin underneath where the radium had been kept

A

1901, henri becquerel

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10
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondea in what year?

A

1906

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11
Q

In what year did __ and __ developed and patented __

A

1911, bela augustin and a. De szendeffy, dioradin

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12
Q

__ – __ and __ – implemented fractionated radiation therapy for advanced laryngeal carcinoma

A

1920’s, Regaud and Henri Coutard

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13
Q

__ – __ units leading to effective skin sparing effect

A

1951, Co-60

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14
Q

What year was Medical linacs were used?

A

1950

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15
Q

What year was Mv linacs used?

A

1960

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16
Q

__ - __ combined surgery and moderate-dose radiation therapy became the standard treatment approach of locally advanced head and neck CA

A

1960, gilbert fletcher

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17
Q

What year was Ct simulators used?

A

1980

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18
Q

Also known as radiation oncology, tumors or lesions is treated with cancercidal dose of ionizing radiation as prescribed by radiation oncologist, the goal of treatment are to precisely deliver the cancercidal dose of radiation to the tumor but to limit as much as possible the dose of radiation received by normal noncancerous tissue.

A

Radiation therapy

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19
Q

Dose of radiation that result in the death of cancer cells.

A

Cancercidal dose

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20
Q

General objectives of radiation therapy

A

To deliver maximum dose to the tumor while giving the minimum dose to the surrounding normal tissues or cells

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21
Q

Aims of radiation therapy

A

Curative – to cure
Prophylactic – to prevent distant metastases
Palliative – to prolong the life of the patient and provide the best quality of life.

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22
Q

Transmissions of cells or group of cells from primary tumor to site/s elsewhere in the body.

A

Metastases

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23
Q

4 specific modes of treatment

A

Surgery, radthera, cytotoxic drugs, and hormone treatment

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24
Q

(sometimes known as antineoplastics) describe a group of medicines that contain chemicals which are toxic to cells, preventing their replication or growth, and so are used to treat cancer. They can also be used to treat a number of other disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

A

Cytotoxic drugs

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25
is used to treat cancers that use hormones to grow, such as some prostate and breast cancers
Hormone therapy
26
Two main reasons of hormone therapy
Treat cancer and ease cancer symptoms
27
Classifications of treatment
Radical and palliative
28
(Multiple beam radiation) the attempt, heroic, if necessary, to remove all malignancy present
Radical
29
(simple) – if radical treatment is thought to be impossible, the aim is to relieve symptoms.
Palliative
30
Study of tumor
Oncology
31
Doctor of med specializing in the study of tumor
Oncologist
32
Med specialty involving the treatment of cancerous lesion using ionizing radiation
Radiation oncology
33
Doctor of medicine specializing in use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of disease and prescribe quantity of radiation and determine the anatomic region/s to be treated
Radiation oncologist
34
is responsible for calibration and maintenance of the radiation-producing equipment. The physicist also advises the physician about dosage calculation and complex treatment technique.
Medical physicist
35
The person responsible for the calculation of the proper radiation treatment dose who assist the radiation oncologist in designing the individual treatment plans. Devises a plan for delivering the treatments in a manner to best meet the physician’s goals of irradiating the tumor while protecting vital normal structures.
Medical dosimetrist
36
person trained to assist and take directions from radiation oncologist in the use of ionizing radiation for the treatment of disease. Is responsible for obtaining radiograph that localize the area to be treated, administering the treatment, keeping the accurate record of the dose delivered each day and monitors the patient’s physical and emotional being.
Radiation therapist
37
Educating patient about potential radiation side effects and assisting patients with the management of the side effects.
Oncology nurse
38
Organs as in the heart muscle when the heart has to work against increased resistance
Hyperthrophy
39
Cells are more numerous and more tightly packed with high incidence of mitosis
Hyperplasia
40
Replacement of cell type not normally present in an organ
Metaplasia
41
Means swelling and was orginally used for enlargement due to injury, inflammation etc
Neoplasia
42
Two broad classification of neoplasms or tumors
Beign or simple and malignant/cancerous
43
are universal since they include the common birthmarks. They are harmless and their growth is strictly localized and/or never widespread.
Benign or simple
44
cancers; treatment must aim destruction of every cancer cell or the abolition of their capacity to reproduce. They have the power of “invasion”.
Malignant/cancerous
45
Types of carcinogens
Chronic irritation, radiation, infections, hormones, worms and viruses
46
is a substance, organism or agent capable of causing cancer. __ may occur naturally in the environment (such as ultraviolet rays in sunlight and certain viruses) or may be generated by humans (such as automobile exhaust fumes and cigarette smoke).
Carcinogens
47
Metastases- spread of cancer may occur in several ways:
Local invasions, by lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, across cavities
48
Staging adopted are the ff
Stage 1: tumor confined to organ of origin, stage 2: local lymph nodes invaded stage 3: distant nodes invaded or local spread beyon organ or orgin stage 4: blood borne metastases present
49
Another system of staging used internationally
T-local extensions of primary tumor N- conditions of regional lymph nodes M- presence of metastases beyon regional lymph nodes
50
Divisions of cancer
Carcinoma, sarcoma, reticulosis
51
it is the largest and most important group of cancers. It is applied to malignancies arising in surface (epithelial) tissues. Spread from carcinoma is commonly to regional lymph nodes and also via blood, lungs, liver, brain etc.
Carcinoma
52
greek word for “flesh”, after the fleshy appearance of many tumors. Spread of __ are usually blood-borne to lungs
Sarcoma
53
this system is a widespread group which include the blood forming bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and parts of the liver and thymus
Reticulosis
54
Chest film, blood and urine exams
Periodical examination
55
Cervical smear (paps smear) test, sputum sample
Cytological examination
56
Chest film, barium meal, mammography
Radiological examination
57
Thermography, radioactive isotopes, biochemical and hormonal exams, nucmed diagnostic test, and UTS
Highly specialized technique
58
Examination from the sample of tumor
Biopsy
59
Histopathological report
Biopsy report
60
Reticulosis – (e.g. lymphosarcoma, leukemia, Hodgkin’s (tumor of lymph nodes: a malignant form of lymphoma) Medulloblastoma Neuroblastoma – associated with childhood cancer that occurs in nervous system; 2nd most common form of CA in children Nephroblastoma
Highly sensitive
61
Basal Cell Carcinoma Epithelial Carcinoma (e.g. skin, cervix, mouth etc) Carcinoma of the breast, lung, ovary.
Sensitive
62
Sarcoma (e.g. Osteosarcoma, Fibrosarcoma) b. Malignant melanoma Glioma – Brain or spinal cord tumor Carcinoma of rectum, kidneys
Poorly sensitive
63
Surgical treatment of choice Stomach- Wilm’s tumor- Fibrosarcoma- Testis
(intestines, colon, rectum, kidneys, etc) – in association of radiation of chemotherapy Bone – malignant tumor of connective tissues Melanoma – orchidectomy
64
Radiation treatment of choice
Mouth – (e.g. lip, tongue, cheek etc) Skin - except melanoma Uterus – cervix Bladder – except stage 1 growths Larynx – vocal cords Testis Medulloblastoma – after surgical exploration; exploratory laparotomy Lymphomas – Hodgkin’s and other (cytotoxic very often useful to alternative, especially in late stages and leukemia’s)
65
Cytotoxic drugs treatment of choice
Acute Leukemia Choriocarcinoma Burkitt’s Lymphoma – cancer affecting white blood cells; associated with a virus spread by insects
66
2 types of radiation therapy
External beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy
67
radiation source is at far distance from the body
Teletherapy
68
Uses radioactive substances which are applied directly within or near the tumor
Brachytherapy
69
3 kinds of brachytherapy/plesiotherapy
Interstial brachytherapy, intracavitary brachytherapy, intraluminal brachytherapy
70
Radioactive substance are implanted in the tumor
Interstitial brachytherapy
71
Radioactive substance is applied through body cavity by means of a tube such as those px with gynecological CA
Intracavitary brachytherapy
72
Source is applied through tubular organs
Intraluminal brachytherapy

Radthera (5 decks)

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