PRELIMS

Question 1

‘Educationally, legally, functionally’
- Often used to indicate visual impairment requiring specialist services or financial
assistance
- Carries the perception that ‘all sight is gone

Answer 1

BLIND

Question 2

A person one who has impairment of visual function for whom full
remediation is not possible by conventional spectacles, contact lenses or medical
intervention and which causes restriction in that person’s everyday life

Answer 2

Low Vision

Question 3

Broader spectrum of sight loss
- ‘Partial sight, low vision, subnormal vision’

Answer 3

Visual Impairmen

Question 4

In 1950s and 1960, it was defined as visual acuity of 20/70 or worse with the best
conventional optical correction

Answer 4

Subnormal Vision

Question 5

In 1975, defined as reduced central acuity or visual field loss which, even with the best
optical correction provided by regular lenses, still results in visual impairment

Answer 5

Low Vision

Question 6

one of the major problems to collect data was non-standardization of definition. Around
65 different types of definitions were used worldwide to describe the definition of blindness and
poor vision

Answer 6

1973

Question 7

low vision was defined as reduced visual acuity by disorder of the eye or visual system. A
level of vision which cannot be improved to within normal limits by medication, surgery, or use
of conventional correction.

Answer 7

1976

Question 8

WHO proposed a standard classification that would be used worldwide. This was included
in 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) but unfortunately this
classification is not accepted worldwide although references to it are now common.

Answer 8

1978

Question 9

WHO offered a new definition of Low Vision

Answer 9

1992

Question 10

Refers to conditions encompassing the continuum from partial sight to blindness.

Answer 10

VIDION IMPAIRMENT

Question 11

defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 in the better eye after best possible correction and
visual field < 10 degree from the point of fixation.

Answer 11

Blindness

Question 12

is defined as visual acuity 3/60 (20/400) to less than 6/18 (20/70) in the better eye after
best possible correction in the better eye and visual field <20 degree from the point of
fixation.

Answer 12

WHO definition of Low Vision

Question 13

refers to an individual’s functional visual ability in spite of loss, how an individual develops
creative ways of adapting to various situations. The use of low vision aids increases visual
efficiency. It depends on training, experience, intelligence level, and personality
characteristics of the individual, as well as other disabilities that may interfere with normal
function.

Answer 13

Visual Efficiency

Question 14

the international standard diagnostic classification for all general epidemiological, many
health managements purposes and clinical use.
- It is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on many types of health
and vital records including death certificates and health records.

Answer 14

International Classification of Disease

Question 15

It gives rise to anatomical changes in the visual organs
- For example, Glaucoma in its early stages can go unnoticed by the patient, without
affecting abilities

Answer 15

Visual Disorder

Question 16

Functional loss from a visual disorder.
- It affects visual acuity, visual field, color vision, contrast sensitivity

Answer 16

Visual Impairment

Question 17

It gives rise to vision-related changes in the skill and abilities
- It is measured in terms of the skills - can or cannot perform.

Answer 17

Visual Disability

Question 18

It has psychosocial and economic consequences of visual loss.
- Skills of the person gets hampered
- Giving rise to barriers in the environment both physical and social.

Answer 18

Visual Handicap

Question 19

Who are the Low Vision patients?

Answer 19

Patients with congenital eye diseases and diseases occurring early in life
2. Patients with degenerative diseases occurring later in life

Question 20

Persons with such condition may indicate a diminution of vision, haziness, or foggy
vision.

Answer 20

Lower central acuity or fluctuating vision

Question 21

Persons describes distortion of vision. Objects appear to bulge,
curve or look funny.

Answer 21

Metamorphopsia

Question 22

Person either complains of abnormal sensitivity to light or avoid high levels of
illumination recovery, from glare, is slow and adaptation of light is difficult.

Answer 22

Photophobia

Question 23

Person indicates they cannot detect colors or functional observations show that they
have trouble identifying colors

Answer 23

Color Vision Defects

Question 24

Persons report they have vision in specified sectors of the visual field and parts of the
object to be viewed are always missing.

Answer 24

Visual Field Defects

Question 25

Persons indicate decreased vision at night and difficulty in performing specific task at night. This condition can be confirmed by clinical test or electrodiagnostic testing.

Answer 25

Night Blindness

Question 26

Persons with this condition sees floaters or spots before their eyes, which momentarily interferes with vision. Such symptoms may indicate an acute pathology.

Answer 26

Entopic Images

Question 27

Persons with this condition reports that the world seems to be moving or jumping around. This condition may be sign of neurological disorders. Therefore patient should be referred to a neurologist

Answer 27

Oscillopsia

Question 28

Partially or complete absence of iris

Answer 28

Aniridia

Question 29

Present at birth or become apparent in the first year of life. It causes significant visual morbidity because of associated amblyopia, even with early surgical treatment; most common cause of leukocoria.

Answer 29

Congenital Catarac

Question 30

Rare life-threatening tumor with complex genetic inheritance; most common cause of leukocoria.

Answer 30

Retinoblastoma

Question 31

Often presents with a “watery eye”. Crucial history taking should be determine whether that ‘epiphora’ was present at birth or developed later.

Answer 31

CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA

Question 32

Rare causes of poor central vision. High refractive errors should always be kept in mind in these cases

Answer 32

Nystagmus

Question 33

If the baby was of low birthweight of less than 1500 g or pre-term (born earlier than 37 weeks), ROP should be considered.

Answer 33

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Question 34

The pupillary reflexes are normal, as are the optic discs, but the baby may be photophobic. The fundus will appear albinotic or blond.

Answer 34

Ocular Albinism

Question 35

Manifests with normal ophthalmic findings, including the presence of normal pupillary reflexes. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is abnormal; baby often has signs of developmental delay and may have midline defects including cleft lip or palate.

Answer 35

Cerebral blindness

Question 36

- Involves no ophthalmological or electrophysiological abnormality. The baby is often premature or small for dates. Although prognosis for vision is generally good, a small proportion of patients are left with a residual deficit.

Answer 36

Delayed visual development

Question 37

Often shows no abnormality on fundoscopy in the early stages, however the optic discs can sometimes appear slightly pale and early thinning of the arterioles is an important early sign in this condition.

Answer 37

Leber’s congenital amaurosis

Question 38

Can be subtle and easily missed unless specifically looked for with the direct ophthalmoscope. Other signs may include the presence of nystagmus, slugging pupillary reflexes and the characteristic optic disc double ring sign.

Answer 38

Optic disc hypoplasia

Question 39

Result of complex hereditary and environmental factors

Answer 39

High Myopia

Question 40

Genetic condition that affects connective tissue of the fibrillin gene that affects the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and ophthalmic systems. Fibrillin is found in the ciliary zonule and lens capsule. Defect in fibrillin causes ectopia lentis, axial myopia, glaucoma and retinal complications - Most common cause of nontraumatic ectopia lentis

Answer 40

Marfan’s Syndrome

Question 41

Early-onset may report night blindness or restriction of visual fields, which is often manifested as clumsiness

Answer 41

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Question 42

Progressive anteroposterior elongation of the scleral envelope associated with a range of secondary ocular changes, which relates to mechanical stretching of related tissues.

Answer 42

Pathological Myopia

Question 43

Inflammation of the optic nerve; most common cause of unilateral painful visual loss in a young adult.

Answer 43

Optic Neuritis

Question 44

Lesions or inflammation encompasses the clinical entities of retinitis, choiroditis, and retinal vasculitis

Answer 44

Posterior Uveitis

Question 45

Serous retinal detachments commonly seen in the macular region. RPE detachment which facilitates the leakage of plasma into the subretinal space.

Answer 45

. Central Serous Retinopathy

Question 46

Conditions Affecting the Elderly

Answer 46

1. Age-related Macular Degeneration 2. Diabetic Retinopathy 3. Hypertensive Retinopathy 4. Cataract 5. Glaucoma 6. Central Retinal Vein Occlusion 7. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion 8. Cerebrovascular accidents and visual function

Question 47

Affects the ability to see the objects or people in direct line of vision - Color vision may be affected

Answer 47

Central Visual Field Loss

Question 48

Difficulty with individual travel - Banging with obstacles on the sides such as furniture - Need for increased in illumination - Decreased visual efficiency: visual skills (scanning and tracking), saccades (horizontal and vertical) - Light and dark adaptation

Answer 48

Peripheral Visual Field Loss

Question 49

Affects ability to perceive sharpness of details due to alteration in the refractive media of the eye - Patient may suffer double vision - Problems with poor night vision, poor contrast, and glare - Difficulty judging distance

Answer 49

Over-all Blur

Question 50

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