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RADIATION THERAPY > PRELIMS > Flashcards

PRELIMS Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

it is a wild, disorganized unrestrained multiplication of rogue cells leading to abnormal growth in a tissue or organ of the body

A

cancer

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2
Q

the use of radiation for therapeutic purposes began with the discovery of x-rays by _______ ________, a German physicist in 1895

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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3
Q

he is a Swedish pioneer of radiology and is credited with being the first to cure a patient with skin cancer using x-rays in 1899

A

Thor Stenbeck

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4
Q

______ involves the removal of the tumor plus some surrounding normal tissues

A

surgery

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5
Q

________ is the use of drugs, taken by mouth or injected into a patient’s vein

A

chemotherapy

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6
Q

_______ _______ uses photons, electrons and other sources of radiation to deliver radiation treatment and destroy cancer cells

A

radiation therapy

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7
Q

he discovered natural radioactivity from Uranium in Paris, France on 1896

A

Henri Antoine Becquerel

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8
Q

1st xray cancer treatment of the breast in Chicago, USA

A

Emil Grubbe

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9
Q

treatment of Nevus with x-ray in Austria

A

Leopold Freund

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10
Q

it is a clinical specialty dealing with the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasia

A

radiation therapy

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11
Q

radiation ________ is a clinical and scientific endeavor devoted to the management of patients with cancer and other neoplasm by ionizing radiation alone or combined with other modalities and to the investigation of application of radiation therapy and the training of personnel in the field

A

radiation oncology

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12
Q

________ ______ or on other occasions low voltage x-rays, are used to treat benign skin or superficial soft tissue disorders

A

electron therapy

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13
Q

can be performed for some malignant diseases and radiation therapy is delivered as a part of the procedure

A

bone marrow transplantation

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14
Q

can be performed on benign arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the brain that are surgically unresectable

A

stereotactic radiosurgery

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15
Q

a radiation beam comes from an outside source directed towards the tumor sites

machines used are either Cobalt 60 or a LINAC

A

external beam radiation therapy

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16
Q

involves the application of radioactive source directly to the tumor site

radioactive sources are Cobalt 60, Iridium 192, Cesium 137, Gold 198

A

brachytherapy

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17
Q

______ treatment is intended to cure the disease in which it is projected that the patient has a probability of surviving after adequate therapy

A

curative treatment

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18
Q

________ treatment is intended to relieve the distressing symptoms of advanced disease, in which there is no hope of the patient for surviving for extended periods

A

palliative treatment

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19
Q

in workflow, it is an initial multi disciplinary evaluation is performed which includes assessing the pathologic and clinical stage of disease, diagnostic tests, history and physical examination of the patient

A

clinical evaluation and consultation

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20
Q

in workflow, it is based on evaluation and consultation, treatment modality and treatment goals are selected

A

therapeutic decision

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21
Q

in workflow, immobilization devices are designed, field center and borders are aligned by fluoroscopy/lap lasers, treatment fields are documented by diagnostic quality radiographs

A

simulation

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22
Q

in workflow, tumor extent and potential areas of spread are defined, sensitive organs and tissues are identified

A

CT planning/target volume localization

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23
Q

in workflow, treatment technique is planned with the aid of dosimetry calculations and treatment planning devices

A

treatment planning

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24
Q

in workflow, actual delivery of radiation treatment either by external beam or brachytherapy

A

treatment

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25
in workflow, patients are evaluated during and after treatment to assess tumor response and tolerance to treatment
evaluation and follow up
26
○ Advice about treatment options and consent for treatment ○ Target and normal tissue delineation ○ Prescription of radiotherapy ○ Planning review and approval ○ Patient follow up
radiation oncologist
27
○ Specification of equipment used in therapy and imaging ○ Facility design, including shielding calculations ○ Commissioning of diagnostic, planning and treatment equipment software ○ Dosimetry Assurance ○ Producing and measurement and beam data analysis ○ Checking treatment plans ○ Quality assurance of diagnostic, planning and treatment equipment software ○ Designated Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)
medical physicist
28
○ Patient information and support ○ Simulation ○ Planning ○ Producing and checking treatment plans ○ Data transfer and monitor unit calculations ○ Daily radiotherapy delivery ○ Treatment verification ○ Monitoring the patient on a daily basis
radiation therapy oncologist
29
○ Assist during brachytherapy procedures ○ Maintain aseptic technique ○ Taking vital signs during assessment of patient ○ Educating patient on proper care of wounds
oncology nurse
30
○ Cleans instruments, treatment and examination rooms ○ Prepares supplies, hospital forms and linens, etc ○ Prepares, assists patients for radiation treatment ○ Retrieve and files patient charts
nursing attendant
31
all ______ is composed of small indivisible pieces which is called atom
matter
32
it is the smallest particle of a chemical compound that retains of all the chemical characteristics of that compound
molecules
33
the ancient Greeks envisioned four different atoms representing air, fire, earth and water
medieval
34
his description of atom is like a pair of hook and eye to account for chemical combination
John Dalton
35
his description of atom is like plum pudding, with the plums representing the electrons
JJ Thompson
36
his description of atom is a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in precise energy levels
Niels Bohr
37
first person to use the term atom
democritus
38
atomos means ______
indivisible
39
a physicist who is credited for discovering the electron he used his research on cathode ray tube technology in this discovery
JJ Thomson
40
he was not convinced about the model of the atom proposed by Thomson he thus set up his now famous Gold Foil Experiment
Ernest Rutherford
41
he was a revolutionary physicist who used Helsenberg's uncertainty principle to come up with the atomic model that we still use today
Erwin Schrodinger
42
○ Tiny and very light particles ○ Have a negative electrical charge ○ Revolve outside the nucleus at nearly the speed of light
electrons
43
○ Much larger and heavier than electrons ○ Have a positive electrical charge ○ Located in the nucleus of an atom
protons
44
○ Large and heavy like protons ○ Have no electrical charge ○ Located in the nucleus of an atom
neutrons
45
it indicates the number of protons in the nucleus
atomic number
46
it is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
atomic mass
47
an electron ____________ is the way in which electrons are arranged in an atom electrons are arranged in shells around an atom's nucleus
electron arrangement
48
_____ is the pathway followed by electrons in an atom's nucleus these are also called energy levels
shells
49
the shell in the lowest energy is the _ shell
K shell
50
the electron _______ _____ is the minimum energy that is required to remove an electron from an atom, as the negatively charged electrons are held in place by the electrostatic pull of the positively charged nucleus
electron binding energy
51
the most common unit of energy used to described radiation is _______ _____
electron volt
52
an electron ______ is the amount of kinetic energy gained when accelerated through a potential difference of one volt
electron volt
53
it is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium
radiation
54
it is the process resulting in the removal of an electron from an atom, leaving the atom with a net positive energy
ionization
55
nuclides which have the same number of protons
isotopes
56
nuclides which have the same number of neutrons with different atomic mass number and atomic number
isotones
57
nuclides with different elements which have the same atomic mass number but different atomic number
isobars
58
nuclides with the same atomic number and the same mass number but different energy states
isomers
59
_______________ radiation consists of photons that have energy, but no mass or charge
electromagnetic radiation
60
a _____ is sometimes described as a packet of light
photon
61
_________ radiation consists of particles that have mass and energy and may or may not have an electric charge alpha particles protons beta particles neutrons
particulate radiation
62
an atom is ______ if the forces among the particles that makeup the nucleus are balance
stable
63
an atom is ______ if these forces are unbalance, if the nucleus has an excess of internal energy
unstable/radioactive
64
it refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability
radioactivity
65
act of emitting radiation spontaneously
radioactivity
66
as the nucleus emits radiation or disintegrates, the radioactive atom/radionuclide transforms to a different nuclide
radioactive decay
67
spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of energy and matter from the nucleus
radioactive decay
68
a positively charged helium nuclei
alpha radiation
69
is either electron or subatomic particles called positron
beta radiation
70
occupy the highest level in electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun
gamma radiation
71
is also encountered in nuclear power plants and high altitude flight and emitted from some industrial radioactive sources
neutron
72
is a heavy, very short range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus radium, radon, uranium, thorium
alpha radiation
73
is a light, short range particle and is actually an ejected electron can penetrate human skin to the germinal layer strontium 90, carbon 14, tritium and sulfur 35
beta radiation
74
are highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation are able to travel many feet in air and many inches in human tissues iodine 131, cesium 137, cobalt 60, radium 226 and technetium 99m
gamma and x radiation
75
the _____ ____ of a radioactive substance is the time interval required for a quantity of material to decay to half its original value
half life
76
describes the amount of radiation traveling through the air Roentgen (R) and Coulomb/kg (C/kg)
exposure
77
describes the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person, that is the amount of energy that radioactive sources deposit in materials through which they pass rad and Gray (Gy)
absorbed dose
78
refers to the amount of ionizing radiation released by a material Curie (Ci) and Becquerel (Bq)
radioactivity
79
in modes of radioactive decay, emission of 2 protons and 2 neutrons occurs for those nuclides which have an atomic number greater than 82
alpha decay
80
in modes of radioactive decay, neutron changes to a proton when the nucleus has an excess of neutrons
beta minus decay
81
in modes of radioactive decay, proton changes to a neutron when the nucleus has an excess of protons
beta plus decay
82
in modes of radioactive decay, the nucleus captures one of the orbital electrons which converts protons into neutrons
electron capture
83
in modes of radioactive decay, one of the orbital electrons is captured by the nucleus and combines with a proton to form a neutron
electron capture
84
in modes of radioactive decay, associated with alpha and beta decay that leaves the product nucleus in an excited stage
gamma decay
85
in modes of radioactive decay, transfer of nuclear energy to an orbital electron, causing it to be ejected from the atom
internal conversion
86
in modes of radioactive decay, a decay involving neither the emission nor the capture of the particle
isometric transition

RADIATION THERAPY (3 decks)

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