prelims

Question 1

What are the different elements of communication?

Answer 1

Source, Message, Channel, Receiver, Feedback, Environment, Context, Interference

Question 2

A message is crafted through a ______ who initiates the communication process. It can be an author of a book, a public speaker, or a teacher who discusses a lesson.

Answer 2

sender

Question 3

Communication is delivered through a _________ sent by the speaker to the receiver.

Answer 3

message

Question 4

________ is the means of communication. Examples are phone in calls and letters sent in business transactions. To have an effective communication, communicators should select the best means of communication.

Answer 4

Channel

Question 5

When the message is sent by the sender it is received by the recipient. A ________ can be an audience in a symposium, a reader who receives the letter or a pedestrian who reads road signs.

Answer 5

receiver

Question 6

An understood message is confirmed through the response of the receiver. ___________ may be written, spoken or acted out such as thumbs up given by a listener.

Answer 6

Feedback

Question 7

The sender and receiver’s feelings, mood, place and mindset are called __________. Both sender and receiver have to consider the setting where communication takes place. This factor may also hinder effective communication where barriers may interfere such as noise from the buses or poor signal in phone calls.

Answer 7

environment

Question 8

The meaning conveyed from the message sent by the sender to the receiver is called __________. It is necessary that both the encoder and decoder share common understanding to achieve effective communication.

Answer 8

context

Question 9

_________ or _________ prevent effective communication. These are factors that hinder the communication process.

Answer 9

Interferences, barriers

Question 10

Types of Barriers in Communication

Answer 10

Psychological Barriers
Physical Barriers
Linguistic and Cultural Barriers
Mechanical Barriers

Question 11

These are thoughts that hamper the interpreted message received by the receiver such as dizziness of the listener while the teacher lectures or when the listener is preoccupied by some other things while listening to the speaker.

Answer 11

Psychological Barriers

Question 12

These are stimuli from the environment which disrupt communication, weather or climate conditions and physical health of the communicator.

Answer 12

Physical Barriers

Question 13

Word differences are present in different cultures which may result to ineffective communication. Which barrier is being described?

Answer 13

Linguistic and Cultural Barriers

Question 14

These are interferences which affect channels to transmit the message such as poor signal or low battery consumption of mobile phones while calling.

Answer 14

Mechanical Barriers

Question 15

The earliest model that structures how public speaking is undergone is explained through _____________________.

Answer 15

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Question 16

This model is where the five elements which compose the communication process which are the speaker, speech
occasion, audience, and effect are identified.

Answer 16

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Question 17

Based on Aristotle’s Model of Communication, what are the five elements that compose the communication process?

Answer 17

Speaker
Speech
Occasion
Audience
Effect

Question 18

Aristotle’s model of communication is speaker-centered which results the audience as ________. The effect of the speech delivered by the speaker to the audience in an occasion is that either the listeners be persuaded or not; in this case the communication becomes one-way delivery because feedback from the audience is not expected.

Answer 18

passive

Question 19

Technological model of communication process is explained by the proponents ___________ and __________ known as ___________________________ (Flores, 2016).

Answer 19

Claude Shannon, Warren Weaver
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of
Communication

Question 20

This model was developed because of the technological invention of telephone. Six elements of communication are identified in this model: sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, receiver, and feedback.

Answer 20

Shannon-Weaver’s Model of
Communication

Question 21

Six elements of communication that were identified in Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication

Answer 21

sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, receiver, and feedback

Question 22

In Shannon-Weaver’s model of communication, the __________ works as channel and the ________ which the receiver uses to receive the message becomes the decoder and the destination of the call is the receiver. The noise present in the channel may interrupt the communication process which results to poor communication. With this, the receiver may respond that he/she wasn’t able to understand what the caller had sent.

Answer 22

telephone wire
telephone

Question 23

Complete the analogy based on the Shannon-Weaver’s Model of communication:

Caller: Sender :: ________:Encoder

Answer 23

Telephone

Question 24

The two-way street flow of communication in which a sender and a receiver send back and forth messages was popularized by __________________.

Answer 24

Charles Egerton Osgood

Question 25

This model considers communication as circular because both the encoder and decoder take turn in sending the message. Along the process of communication, the recipients filter to interpret the meaning of the words sent to them.

Answer 25

Osgood-Schramm's Model of Communication

Question 26

The different meanings applied to send messages could become interference in communication known as _____________.

Answer 26

semantic noise

Question 27

In the latter years, ____________ adapted Osgood’s model and added another element in communication called field of experience. Sneha Mishra (2017) identified culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values and rules that correspond to this element. With great similarity of the recipients’ field of experience, the greater effective communication is expected.

Answer 27

Wilbur Schramm

Question 28

Another circular model that explains communication as a continuous process with no real beginning or end is ____________________.

Answer 28

Eugene White’s Stages of Communication

Question 29

The elements in Eugene White's Model of Communication are:

Answer 29

thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feed backing, and monitoring

Question 30

What are the three parts that must be considered for communication to be effective?

Answer 30

Listening Responding Understanding

Question 31

This entails accepting of words and ideas. This is also taking nonverbal cues such as facial expression and body language.

Answer 31

Listening

Question 32

This is evaluating the worth of message. It requires a psychological processing which leads to understanding.

Answer 32

Responding

Question 33

Means giving meaning to the words or expressions uttered.

Answer 33

Understanding

Question 34

What are the basic principles of effective communication?

Answer 34

Clarity Concreteness Courtesy Correctness Consideration Creativity Conciseness Cultural Sensitivity Captivating

Question 35

__________ makes speeches understandable. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are jargons, cliché expressions, euphemisms, and double speak language.

Answer 35

Clarity

Question 36

_____________ reduces misunderstandings. Messages must be supported by facts such as research data, statistics or figures. To achieve this, abstract words must be avoided

Answer 36

Concreteness

Question 37

___________ builds goodwill. It involves being polite in terms of approach and manner of addressing an individual.

Answer 37

Courtesy

Question 38

Glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of the sentence. Also, the misuse of language can damage your credibility. Which principle of effective communication is being described?

Answer 38

Correctness

Question 39

Messages must be geared towards the audience. The sender of the message must consider the recipient’s profession, level of education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interests, passions, advocacies, and age when drafting or delivering a message. Which principle of effective communication is being described?

Answer 39

Consideration

Question 40

____________ in communication means having the ability to craft interesting messages in terms of sentence structure and word choice.

Answer 40

Creativity

Question 41

Simplicity and directness help you achieve this. Also, avoid using lengthy expressions and words that may confuse the recipient.

Answer 41

Conciseness

Question 42

Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering diverse cultures, lifestyles, and races and the pursuit for gender equality, this becomes an important standard for effective communication.

Answer 42

Cultural Sensitivity

Question 43

You must strive to make messages interesting to command more attention and better responses. Which principle of effective communication is being described?

Answer 43

Captivating

Question 44

_________ is the discussion of the judgments we make about the appropriateness, the right or wrong, of our actions and policies be those actions communicative, political, social, personal, or a mixture of areas (Johnessen, 1990).

Answer 44

Ethics

Question 45

Factors to be considered in communication ethics:

Answer 45

audience, context, and purpose

Question 46

Guidelines for ethical communication which should shape communication practice:

Answer 46

a. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audiences b. Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of Their Communication. c. Ethical Communicators Respect Truth. d. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly. e. Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information. f. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to Information.

Question 47

_________________ is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, it enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others.

Answer 47

Ethical communication

Question 48

________ is the discipline that examines one’s moral standards of a society.

Answer 48

Ethics

Question 49

_____________ is the process of exchanging ideas, opinions, and information between two or more interlocutors.

Answer 49

Communication

Question 50

What are the forms of intercultural communication?

Answer 50

a. Interracial communication b. Interethnic communication c. International communication d. Intracultural communication

Question 51

communicating with people from different races

Answer 51

Interracial Communication

Question 52

interacting with people of different ethnic origin

Answer 52

Interethnic Communication

Question 53

communicating between representatives from different nations

Answer 53

International Communication

Question 54

interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture

Answer 54

Intracultural Communication

Question 55

According to _________________ (2008), communication style among cultures differs, it may be high context or low-context communication.

Answer 55

Gamble and Gamble

Question 56

____________________ is a tradition-linked communication system which adheres strongly to being indirect.

Answer 56

High-context communication

Question 57

__________________ is a system that works on straightforward communication.

Answer 57

Low-context communication

Question 58

______________________ (Meditteranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between the lines interpretation of what is actually said.

Answer 58

High-context cultures

Question 59

___________________ (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect messages to be explicit and specific.

Answer 59

Low-context cultures

Question 60

The following guidelines may help you enhance your ability to communicate effectively across cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2008):

Answer 60

1. Recognize the validity and differences of communication styles among people. 2. Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices. 3. Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a multicultural world.

Question 61

Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language variation as prescribed by most linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob (2014).

Answer 61

1. Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside (global) our community. 2. Language varies in speaking and in writing. 3. Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses.

Question 62

Mahboob (2014) identifies eight different domains in which language varies depending on the combinations (field, tenor and mode) of the context of communication. The first domains include language variations that reflect local usage done in one local language or multiple local languages depending on the context. They vary in the following ways:

Answer 62

1. Local everyday written 2. Local everyday oral 3. Local specialized written 4. Local specialized oral 5. Global everyday written 6. Global everyday oral 7. Global specialized written 8. Global specialized oral

Question 63

This may include instances of usage found in the neighborhood posters (e.g. a poster looking for transient/bed spacers).

Answer 63

Local everyday written

Question 64

May occur in local communications among neighbors in everyday, informal and local varieties of languages.

Answer 64

Local everyday oral

Question 65

An example of this can be found in the publication and web sites of local societies such as the Baguio Midland Courier.

Answer 65

Local specialized written

Question 66

This involves specialized discourses. For example, in a computer shop in the neighborhood, specialized local usage can be found (e.g. specialized computer game-related vocabulary is used).

Answer 66

Local specialized oral

Question 67

This avoids local colloquialisms to make the text accessible to wider communities of readers. This can be found in international editions of newspapers and magazines.

Answer 67

Global everyday written

Question 68

This may occur in interactions between people coming from different parts of the world when they talk about everyday casual topics.

Answer 68

Global everyday oral

Question 69

This expands to as many readers internationally, hence the non-usage of local colloquial expressions (e.g. international research journal articles)

Answer 69

Global specialized written

Question 70

This occurs when people from different parts of the world discuss specialized topics in spoken form (e.g. paper presentation sessions in an international academic conference).

Answer 70

Global specialized oral

Question 71

What are the five language registers?

Answer 71

a. Frozen b. Formal/Academic c. Consultative d. Casual/Informal e. Intimate

Question 72

This style of communication rarely or never changes. It is frozen in time and content. This is official business and educational language which features complete sentences and specific word choice, which often contains archaisms.

Answer 72

Frozen

Question 73

This language is used in formal setting and is one-way. This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is generally impersonal and formal. It is often used to show respect. Word selection is more sophisticated, and certain words are always or never used depending on the situation. In a formal register, the story structure focuses on the plot: It has a beginning and ending, and it weaves sequence, cause and effect, characters, and consequences into the plot.

Answer 73

Formal/Academic

Question 74

It is a standard form of communications. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of interfaces. It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of speech. This register can be described as two-way participation, professional setting, background information is provided (prior knowledge is not assumed), interruptions and feedback fillers allowed (“uh-huh,” “I see”), more complex syntax, and longer phrases. Sentence structure need not be complete, since non-verbal assists, hand movements and body language, are often used to convey meaning.

Answer 74

Consultative

Question 75

The language used in conversation with friends. This is characterized by 400- to 500- word vocabulary, broken sentences, and interruptions are common. Very informal language, idioms, ellipsis, and slang are common. No background information is provided, “group” language – must be a member to use, interruptions are common, and context and non-verbal communication are important. General word choice and conversation are dependent upon non-verbal assists. The focus of the story is characterization. It is an indirect, random approach with many omissions and does not have a sequence, cause, and effect, or consequence.

Answer 75

Casual/Informal

Question 76

This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate relations. It is non-public, the intonation is as crucial as wording and grammar, and often a special vocabulary full of coded words is used.

Answer 76

Intimate

Question 77

__________ can help you communicate effectively. Nevertheless, appropriate use of this depends on the situation and the tone of voice you use. It is vital to grasp the fundamentals of correct usage of this to communicate well in English. If one register is expected and another is presented, the result can either be that offense is taken (or intended) or a comic response.

Answer 77

Register use

Question 78

Academic and professional writings are characterized by _____________. Students, scholars, professionals, and anyone wishing to maintain harmonious communicative relations should be careful in using words and phrases that do not discriminate against particular groups, whether in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, social class, age, and disability. The essential point in a way that is respectful of diversity.

Answer 78

bias-free language

Question 79

___________ is a form of discrimination against a person or persons of a different race. In general, it is best to avoid identifying people by race or ethnic group.

Answer 79

Racism

Question 80

___________ refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. To be inclusive of all people in general references, one should favor gender-neutral words and phrases over gender-biased words.

Answer 80

Sexism

Question 81

Gender-biased pronouns can be avoided by:

Answer 81

(a) dropping pronouns that signify gender and restating the sentence (b) changing to plural construction (c) replacing masculine or feminine pronouns with “one” or “you”

Question 82

__________________ is a form of prejudice against a person or people because of their social class.

Answer 82

Class discrimination or classism

Question 83

_________ is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able than other age groups.

Answer 83

Ageism

Question 84

__________ often arises because of lack of understanding and awareness. Therefore, first, it is important to distinguish some terms that are mistakenly understood to be synonymous.

Answer 84

Discrimination

Question 85

a physiological condition

Answer 85

impairment

Question 86

the consequence of an impairment, which may or may not be handicapping

Answer 86

disability

Question 87

the social implication of a disability; a condition or barrier imposed by society, the environment or oneself

Answer 87

handicap

Question 88

an impairment in which a leg or foot is damaged or stiff

Answer 88

limp