PRELIMS Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
A basic function of _________ engineering is to provide and maintain
the infrastructure needs of society
A
civil and construction
2
Q
as the name suggests, is any material that is used for
construction.
A
construction material
3
Q
Construction materials may be classified into two categories:
A
natural and
man-made
4
Q
7 commonly used materials for construction
A
- mud and clay
- rock
- wood
- brick and block
5.concrete - steel or metal
- glass
5
Q
These are two of the frequently utilized materials used to build
houses. _________ have been built over the centuries and even after hundreds of years,
the structures built using those materials were still suitable for human habitation.
A
Mud and clay
6
Q
The main benefit of
___________ is that it has an excellent thermal mass. Homes that are constructed of this material are also suited to their climates – they keep cool during the heat of summer and retain comfort throughout the cooler season.
A
mud and clay
7
Q
______ exists for a long time. It is safer to make it easily accessible and
therefore a highly durable construction material
A
rocks
8
Q
usually very compact, rendering them a strong
material. It may also be the drawback, because this stone is heavy and resistant to handle.
A
rocks
9
Q
One of _________ greatest attributes is its durability — that is, in almost every
construction activity, regardless of the environment of the houses.
A
wood’s
10
Q
They are typically
pressed into timber and concrete; after that, they are able to be used in a variety of
constructions. O
A
wood
11
Q
The _____ are produced from kiln-fired materials
A
bricks
12
Q
Throughout
the 18th to 20th century it was commonly used, mostly because of its cost-effectiveness.
A
bricks
13
Q
Concrete is a mixture of _______, ________, _______
A
cement, water and aggregates
14
Q
A chemical reaction called ___________ causes
the paste to harden and eventually turn into concrete
A
hydration
15
Q
is basically a rock-like
material distinguished by its toughness (when it’s hardened) and strength. Such
characteristics make it an outstanding content for all forms of buildings, including roads,
bridges, dams and, of course, houses.
A
Concrete
16
Q
One of the most common artificial construction materials is
A
metal
17
Q
Like the concrete, _____ is often distinguished by versatility and strength, which is the
basic foundation for massive buildings such as skyscrapers.
A
steel
18
Q
Glass windows serve two primary purposes —
A
to allow the light reach the
space and keep the outside air from reaching the room
19
Q
The glass is constructed of a ______ and _______, resulting in the fragility of this substance
A
sand and silicone blend
20
Q
are responsible for the selection, specification, and quality
control of materials to be used in a job
A
Materials engineers
21
Q
These materials must meet certain classes of
criteria or materials properties (Ashby and Jones 2005). These classes of criteria include:
A
- economic factors
- mechanical factors
- non-mechanical factors
- production/construction considerations
- aesthetic properties
22
Q
In 1997 the ASCE Code of Ethics was modified to include
____________ as an ethics issue.
A
“sustainable development”
23
Q
basically
recognizes the fact that our designs should be sensitive to the ability of future generations
to meet their needs
A
Sustainable developmen
24
Q
Factors that should be considered in the selection of the material include:
A
■ availability and cost of raw materials
■ manufacturing costs
■ transportation
■ placing
■ maintenance
25
Early
structures were constructed of _________. These materials were in ready supply and
could be cut and shaped with available tools. Later, _________ was used, because mills were
capable of crudely refining iron ore. As the industrial revolution took hold, quality________
could be produced in the quantities required for large structures. In addition, __________, developed in the mid-1800s, provided civil engineers with a durable inexpensive
material with broad applications.
stone and wood
cast iron
steel
Portland
cement
26
The __________ behavior of materials is the response of the material to external
loads
mechanical
27
3 Factors involving mechanical properties:
-Loading Conditions
-Stress-Strain Relations
-Elastic Behavior
28
refer to characteristics of the material, other than load
response, that affect selection, use, and performance.
Nonmechanical properties
29
Non mechanical properties include:
-Density and Unit Weight
-Thermal Expansion
-Surface Characteristic
30
There are several types of properties
that are of interest to engineers, but those of the greatest concern to civil engineers are:
1. corrosion and degradation
2. abrasion and wear resistance
3. surface texture
31
include the availability of the material and the ability to fabricate the
material into the desired shapes and required specifications.
Production
considerations
32
address all the factors that relate to the ability to fabricate and erect the structure on site.
One of the primary factors is the availability of a trained work force.
Construction considerations
33
The __________ of a material refer to the appearance of the material.
aesthetic characteristics
34
is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built
environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and
ecological sustainability.
Sustainable design
35
It is essential to understand that engineering materials are inherently variable. For
example, steel properties vary depending on chemical composition and method of
manufacture.
TESTING
36
Typically, _________ are taken from a lot or population, since it is not practical or
possible to test the entire lot.
samples
37
________ requires that all elements of the population have an equal
chance for selection
Random sampling
38
In order for the samples to be valid they must be __________
randomly
selected
39
___________ measure material properties
Laboratory tests
40
Frequently, specimens are made of the material in question and tested in the laboratory to measure their response to the applied forces or to certain environmental conditions. These tests require the measurement of certain parameters such as _________,_________,________
time, deformation, or force.
41
Length and deformation can be measured directly using simple devices such as
_____, ________, _______
rulers, dial gauges, and calipers.
42
In other cases, indirect measurements are made by
measuring electric voltage and relating it to deformation, force, stress, or strain.
Examples of such devices include:
linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), strain
gauges, and load cells
43
__________ measuring devices using lasers and
various optical devices are also available. Electronic measuring devices can easily be
connected to chart recorders, digital readout devices, or computers, where the results can
be easily displayed and processed
Noncontact deformation
44
are used in many laboratory tests to measure deformation. The_____ is attached at two points, between which the relative movement is measured
Dial gauges
45
is an electronic
device commonly used in laboratory experiments to measure small movements or
deformations of specimens.
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
46
are used to measure small deformations within a certain gauge
length.
Strain Gauge
47
are used to measure forces in many laboratory tests
Proving Ring
48
is an electronic force-measuring device used for many laboratory
tests. In this device, strain gauges are attached to a member within the_______, which is
subjected to either axial loading or bending.
load cell
49
-determines fineness of Portland cement in terms of specific
surface expressed as total surface area in square centimeters per gram of cement.
Blaine Air apparatus
50
-used to create a cube sample.
Cube Mold
51
uses accelerated means of estimating delayed
expansion of Portland cement caused by hydration of CaO and Mg
Cement Autoclave expansion
52
-used to create a 1”x1”x10” cement sample.
Prism Mold
53
used to determine initial and final setting times of Portland
cement, masonry cement, hydraulic hydrated lime and certain mortars.
Gillmore Apparatus
54
a device for determining the normal consistency and time of setting
of portland cements that consists of a rod weighing 300 grams, having a needle in each
end, and supported in a frame with a graduated scale to measure the distance to which
the needle penetrates the cement.
Vicat Apparatus
55
determines the specific gravity of hydraulic cement, dust, sand and
other fine materials.
Le chatelier flask
56
used to weigh samples.
Weighing Scale
57
-determines presence of injurious organic compounds in sands
used in cement mortar or concrete. Test serves as warning that further test of sands was
necessary before they can be approved for use
Organic Impurities
58
tests for resistance to abrasion in crushed rock, slag,
crushed and uncrushed gravel.
Los Angles Abrasion Machine
59
-measures moisture content in various coarse and fine-grained
materials.
Moisture meter
60
A device for separating dry incoherent material (such as sediment)
into truly representative samples of workable size for laboratory study.
Sample Splitter-
61
determines the specific gravity, moisture content and
absorption of fine and coarse aggregates.
Specific Gravity Bench
62
-used to wash of unwanted materials or sediments present in the
aggregates.
Aggregate Washer
63
used to measure the construction material (cement, sand, stone,
aggregates) volume density
Density Bucket
64
-used to create sample for test of shear strength
and compressive strength.
Beam Mold and Cylindrical Mold
65
determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix
prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the work.
Slump Cone Apparatus
66
used for bending and straightening steel reinforcing
bars.
Cold Bend Testing Machine
67
___________ materials is very important before using it. With so many testing procedures and
different equipment to use, it will be convenient to have an equipment that is multitasking. And so, the ________ is produced.
Testing
Universal Testing Machine
68
also known as a universal tester, materials testing
machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive
strength of materials.
universal testing machine (UTM)
69
Usually consisting of two strong supports for the machine. Some small
machines have a single support
Load frame
70
A force transducer or other means of measuring the load is required. Periodic
calibration is usually required by governing regulations or quality system.
Load cell
71
A movable
______ is controlled to move up or down.
Usually this is at a constant speed: sometimes called a constant rate of extension (CRE)
machine
cross head (crosshead)
72
- Many tests require a measure of the
response of the test specimen to the movement of the cross head. Extensometers are
sometimes used.
Means of measuring extension or deformation
73
A means of providing the test result is needed. Some older machines
have dial or digital displays and chart recorders. Many newer machines have a computer
interface for analysis and printing
Output device
74
Many tests require controlled __________(temperature, humidity,
pressure, etc.). The machine can be in a controlled room or a special environmental
chamber can be placed around the test specimen for the test.
conditioning
75
_____________, ___________, _________ are called
for in many test methods.
Test fixtures, specimen holding jaws, and related sample making equipment
76
also known as a universal tester, materials
testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials
universal testing machine (UTM)
77
An earlier name for a tensile testing machine is a
tensometer
78
The __________ part of the name reflects that it can perform many standard
tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and structures
"universal"
79
________ have an important role to play in this modern age of technology.
Building materials
80
is the mass of a unit volume of homogeneous material
Density (ρ)
81
- is the mass of a unit volume of material in its natural state (with
pores and voids) calculated as
Bulk Density (ρb)
82
- is the ratio of the bulk density to the density
Density Index (ρo)
83
-also known as the unit weight, is the weight per unit volume of
material
Specific Weight (ϒ)-
84
is the ratio of weight/mass of a given volume of solids to the
weight/mass of an equal volume of water at 4°C
Specific Gravity (Gs)
85
- is the degree to which volume of the material is interspersed with pores.
It is expressed as a ratio of the volume of pores to that of the specimen
Porosity (n)
86
is defined as the ratio of volume of voids (VV) to the volume of solids
(VS)
Void Ratio (e)
87
also known as natural water content or moisture content, is the
ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of specimen
Water content (w)
88
is the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of the voids in a given
specimen
Saturation (s)
89
is the ability of a material to endure alternate wet and dry
conditions for a long period without considerable deformation and loss of mechanical
strength
Weathering Resistance
90
is the capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under
pressure. Materials like glass, steel and bitumen are impervious.
Water Permeability
91
denotes the ability of a water-saturated material to endure repeated
freezing and thawing with considerable decrease of mechanical strength. Under such
conditions the water contained by the pores increases in volume even up to 9 percent on
freezing. Thus, the walls of the pores experience considerable stresses and may even fail.
Frost Resistance
92
is the ability of a material to conduct heat. It is influenced by nature
of material, its structure, porosity, character of pores and mean temperature at which heat
exchange takes place.
Heat Conductivity
93
is the property of a material to absorb heat described by its specific
heat. Thermal capacity is of concern in the calculation of thermal stability of walls of
heated buildings and heating of a material, e.g. for concrete laying in winter.
Thermal Capacity
94
the ability of a material to resist the action of high temperature
without any appreciable deformation and substantial loss of strength. Fire resistive
materials are those which char, smoulder, and ignite with difficulty when subjected to fire
or high temperatures for long period but continue to burn or smoulder only in the
presence of flame, e.g. wood impregnated with fire proofing chemicals
Fire Resistance
95
is the ability of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis,
sea water and gases.
Chemical Resistance
96
the ability of a material to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and
other factors.
Durability
97
17 physical properties of a material
1.Density (ρ)
2. Bulk Density (ρb)
3. Density Index (ρo)
4. Specific Weight (ϒ)
5. Specific Gravity (Gs)
6. Porosity (n)
7. Void Ratio (e)
8. Water content (w)
9. Saturation (s)
10. Weathering Resistance
11. Water Permeability
12. Frost Resistance
13. Heat Conductivity
14. Thermal Capacity
15.Fire Resistance
16 Chemical Resistance
17.Durability
98
7 mechanical properties of material
1. Strength
2. Compressive Strength
3. Tensile Strength
4. Bending Strength
5. Hardness
6. Elasticity
7. Plasticity
99
is the ability of the material to resist failure under the action of stresses caused
by loads, the most common being compression, tension, bending and impact.
Strength
100
is found from tests on standard cylinders, prisms and cubes—
smaller for homogeneous materials and larger for less homogeneous ones.
Compressive Strength
101
is the ability of a material to resist tensile loads. The test specimens
of metals for tensile strength are round bars or strips and that of binding materials are of
the shape of figure eight.
Tensile Strength
102
tests are performed on small bars (beams) supported at their ends
and subjected to one or two concentrated loads which are gradually increased until failure
takes place.
Bending Strength
103
is the ability of a material to resist penetration by a harder body.
Hardness
104
the ability of a material to restore its initial form and dimensions after the
load is removed
Elasticity
105
_______
is used to find the hardness of materials
Mohs scale
106
is the ability of a material to change its shape under load without cracking and
to retain this shape after the load is removed.
Plasticity
