prelims 25% Flashcards by Erika Maranan

Branch of genetics that is concerned with how
chromosomes behave

cytogenetics

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● Provides information on the structures and
numbers of chromosomes
● Determine abnormalities in chromosomes and
associate them with diseases

cytogenetics

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● A rare genetic disorder due to the partial loss
or deletion of chromosome 5
● French term - “cat cry

what syndrome is this

CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME

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→ Found in the nucleus and mitochondria(Eukaryotic)
→ Encodes genetic makeup of most organisms
→ Central molecule of

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA

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→ Also called DNA synthesis
→ Process of duplicating DNA during cell division

dna replication

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→ DNA replication that occurs in vitro (outside the cell)
→ May be made in the laboratory
→ Amplify specific gene of interest

polymerase chain reaction

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→ Copies the entire genome (whole DNA or genetic makeup) of a cell from one end to another

cellular DNA REPLICATION

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A process in which the Genetic information carried by DNA transcribed
into RNA

transcription

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● Information carried by the transcribed RNA
(mRNA) is translated to protein
● Carries out work to sustain life

translation

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DNA replication occurs during ?

cell division

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DNA replication occurs during the _ phase of
the cell cycle

s phase

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A replication model which produces 2 DNA helices
in which each strand
contains alternating segments of old and new
DNA

dispersive

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Produces 2 DNA helices in which 1 helix contains
entirely new DNA

(kind of replication model)

conservative

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A replication model which Produces 2 DNA helices
in which each helix contains 1 new strand
and 1 old strand

semi conservative

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Consists of polymer of deoxyribonucleotides
units

dna structure

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purine or pyrimidine covalently
bonded to a sugar molecule

nucleoside

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Sugars are bonded to nitrogenous bases by
_________ bonds

glycosidic bondz

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Complementary base pairing occurs by
_________ bonding

hydrogen bonding

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→ Independent replication of each parental strand, so that the resulting DNA molecules each contain 1 parental strand and 1 newly synthesized daughter strand

dna replication is semiconservative

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→ Replication in eukaryotes start at any point along the linear DNA double helix, which are called origin of replication

bidirectional

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Short fragments are called

Okazaki fragments

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→ Recognize RNA primer
→ Starts extending the primer by adding in DNTPs (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

dna polymerase

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this strand goes Away from the replication fork

lagging strand

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For prokaryotes, elongation is performed by

dna polymerase III

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Displacement of RNA primer is facilitated by this enzyme

FEN1 (Flat endonuclease 1)

→ Seals the nick between adjacent Okazaki fragments * For prokaryotes, it is performed by DNA Pol I

dna ligase

→ Starts to cut DNA and unwind to relieve the tension produced by opening up the replication fork

topoisomerase II

it chews up RNA primers to get rid of them

RNAse

it facilitates formation of phosphodiester between nucleotides (acts as a gap sealer between Okazaki fragments

dna ligase

This Occurs in the nucleus and consists of 3 stages: ➢ Initiation ➢ Elongation ➢ Termination

EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION

what stage of eukaryotic transcription is this: RNA polymerase has to bind with DNA at the promoter region -RNA polymerase needs help from various enzymes to locate the promoter region

initiation

Directionality of RNA Polymerase

5' to 3'

formation of hairpin loop is an example of

prokaryotes termination

→ 15% of total cellular RNA carry amino acid to ribosomes, serve as adapters

tRNA

5% of total cellular RNA Function: direct carrier of genetic information from genes to ribosomes for protein synthesis Types: heterogenous in length, spectrum variable Features: short lived

mRNA

RNA POL II AND III is located in??

nucleoplasm

→ Catalyzes synthesis of small RNA and small subunits of rRNA, small cytoplasmic RNAs

RNA POL III

located in the nucleus → Catalyze the synthesis of large subunits of rRNA

RNA POL I

synthesis of mRNA from DNA

transcription

synthesis of proteins from RNA

translation

Addition of _______________ → Protects transcript from degradation → Helps transcript get recognized by the ribosome → Occurs in the nucleus

5' guanosine cap

Addition of ? → Modified Adenines → Occurs in the nucleus

poly A tail

● Made of ribosomal RNA ● Large and small subunit ● Abundant in eukaryotic cells

ribosomes

→ How do ribosomes recognize mRNA? (pro)

shine dalgarno sequence

→ How do ribosomes recognize mRNA? eu

Kozak sequence

_____ sequence -More complex -Ribosome recognizes the 5’ guanosine cap -First AUG is start codon

Kozak sequence

Translation is terminated when the ribosome encounters a ?

stop codon

Gametes unite at random and irrespective of the other gene pairs involved. this is a Law of ?

law of independent assortment

introduced a new theory of inheritance based on his experimental work with pea plants

Gregor Mendel

Traits are always controlled by

single genes

observable physical traits

phenotype

different forms of genes (symbolized by a letter) (uppercase - dominant; lowercase - recessive

alleles

combination of alleles of all genes

genotype

specific location of genes in chromosomes

locus

Crosses of parent organism that differ only by 1 trait (one plant seed or seed characteristic) -E.g: seed colors

monohybrid cross

Allows calculation of frequency of the type of offspring

punnett square

Genes independently assort at a distance of __ cM (centimorgan) or more apart

50cM

-Involves two characters: parents posses 2 different forms of each character -E.g: yellow, round x green, wrinkled peas -RRYY x rryy -Homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive

dihybrid cross

Law of __________: ● Alleles at the same locus on pairs of chromosomes separate ● Each offspring has the same chance inheriting a particular allele from a parent

segregation

Law of _______________ ● Every offspring has the same chance to inherit any allele at any other locus ● Has a few exemptions

Law of Independent Assortment:

Alternative traits, such as tall and short, are determined by hereditary “factors.” These determinants are called

genes

basic unit of the chromosome

nucleosome

systematic visual representation of a karyotype

karyogam

thickened and deeply stained during Interphase, corresponds to regions with inactive genes

heterochromatin

less densely stained and are usually invisible during cell division and Interphase, corresponds to regions with active genes

euchromatin

telomere is positioned sa center, chromosomes appear to be s shaped

metacentric

centromere is positioned near the middle, one chromosome arm is shorter than the other (obvious P and Q arms

submetacentric

appears as chromosome with long arm only, no short arm

telocentric

A gene recessive in females will be expressed in male offspring. True or False

tru

one type of cell have several cell population that each expresses a specific characteristic

mosaicism

split of daughter cells

mitosis

division of cytoplasm & formation of 2 daughter cells

cytokinesis

the process by which prokaryotic cells divide

binary fission

Produces 2 daughter cells, identical to parent cells

mitosis

the sequence of events that occur in a cell between its formation and its division into two daughter cells

cell cycle

cell cycle is divided into two main phases

interphase and mitosis

● The longest stage of the cell cycle ● Divided into three phases: G1, S, and G2 ● During this stage, the cell grows and carries out its normal functions

interphase

● Chromatids condense becoming chromosomes ● Centrioles separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell ● Spindle begins to form what stage of cell cycle is this

early prophase

● The nuclear membrane fragments and the microtubules invade the nuclear area ● Centrioles have moved to the opposite lanes ● Sister chromatids are formed with a centromere

late prophase

● The paired chromosome separate and move to the opposite pole ● The spindle apparatus shortens and chromatids are pulled apart ● Partial division of cytoplasm begins

anaphase

● Spindle fiber disappear ● Chromosomes arrive at the opposite end of the cell and begin to relax ● Centrioles are replicated ● Nuclear membrane reform and nucleoli reappear

telophase

● Occurs at the end of mitosis ● Daughter cells are genetically identical ● Cell turns to interphase ● Microtubules help organelles and cytoplasm divide

cytokinesis

what checkpoint decides whether or not the cell will divide

g1 checkpoint

what checkpoint determines if DNA has been properly replicated

-Cyclin dependent kinases, phosphorylates cellular proteins -regulatory proteins, levels cycle in the cell

protein kinase

Triggers passage through different stages of cell cycle -Phosphorylation

Cdk-cyclin complex

programmed cell death that is essential for normal development and functioning of multicellular organisms

apoptosis

divides by mitosis ○ Produces two daughter cells or a stem cell and a progenitor cell, which may be partially specialized ○ Progenitor cells do not have the capacity of self-renewal

stem cell

● Centrioles move to opposite ends ● Chromosome become visible ● Spindle apparatus form ● Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear ● Substages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis

meiosis prophase I

● Homologs align down at the center of the cell ● Homologous pair attaches to the spindle fiber at an opposite pole ● This alignment results in temporary fusion of the chromatids that results in crossing over that mixes parental traits

metaphase I

● Spindle fibers contracts pulling the 2 homologous chromosomes of each bivalent toward the opposite poles of the cell ● Centromeres of each chromosome do not divide

anaphase I

● Nuclear envelopes partially assemble around chromosomes ● Spindle disappears ● Cytokinesis divides cells into two

telophase I

● The spindle fiber attaches to the kinetochore of each chromosome and aligns the chromosomes at the equatorial plate ● Half the number of chromosomes is because of chromosome reduction in Meiosis I

metaphase II

● Spindle fibers retract ● Centromeres divide and each of the 2 sister chromatids is drawn to the opposite poles ● Chromatids are not identical unlike mitosis

anaphase II

● Cleavage furrows appears ● Division of cytoplasm ● Formation of nuclear envelope ● Spindle fibers disappear ● Chromosome decondense

telophase II

● Form four genetically different cells ● Each with half the number of original chromosomes (haploid

cytokinesis II

● Is the process of production of haploid sex cells ● Gametes have one-half the genetic material (haploid chromosome number) from the germ cell of each parent

gametogenesis

● Fusion of spermatozoa and ova at time of fertilization results in a ________ with diploid genome

zygote

The process of production of spermatozoa is called

spermatogenesis

the process of production of the oovum is

oogenesis

In females, oogenesis (meiosis 1) starts at __________ stage

embryonic

prelims 25% Flashcards

(101 cards)