PRELIMS MOD 1 & 2

Question 1

Attributes or features of
organisms

Answer 1

Character

Question 2

Similarity due to descent from a
common ancestor

Answer 2

Homologous Character

Question 3

Similar-appearing structure
evolved in entirely unrelated
groups

Answer 3

Convergent Character

Question 4

various conditions of
homologous character ex. fins
of fish, arms of humans, forelegs
horses

Answer 4

Character state

Question 5

Direction of change…Ancestral
and derived…is relative

Answer 5

Character Polarity

Question 6

Key rules of Cladistics taxonomy

Answer 6

Only shared derived homologous characters determine phylogeny : synapomorphies
All species in a grouping must share a recent common ancestor
All species derived from a common ancestor as well as
that ancestor must be included in the taxon
* All species must be in monophyletic taxa
(true reflection of evolutionary history)

Question 7

Homologous characters are shared characters that result from common ancestry.

Answer 7

Homology

Question 8

shared characters that are not a result
of common ancestry, but of independent evolution of similar characters (they are not homologous). Can result from convergent evolution.

Answer 8

Homoplasy

Question 9

occurs when natural
selection, working under
similar environmental
pressures, produces similar
(analogous) adaptations in
organisms from different

Answer 9

Convergent Evolution

Question 10

When trying to determine evolutionary
relationships, we
only want to consider homologous
characters. Homoplasies can create errors.

Answer 10

Phylogeny

Question 11

refers to the ancestral
character state

Answer 11

Plesiomorphy

Question 12

a character state different
than the ancestral state, or DERIVED STATE

Answer 12

Apomorphy

Question 13

a derived character state (apomorphy) that is SHARED by two or more taxa due to inheritance from a common ancestor these character states are phylogenetically informative using the parsimony or cladistic criterion

Answer 13

Synapomorphy

Question 14

Uniquely derived character state

Answer 14

Autamorphy

Question 15

(which version of the trait is ancestral) is
determined by using outgroup comparison.

Answer 15

Polarity

Question 16

is closely related, but not part of the
group being examined (the ingroup).

Answer 16

Outgroup

Question 17

An ancestral character is one that is found in both the study group and the outgroup. Derived character groups are those found in the study
groups but not the outgroups.

Answer 17

Polarity

Question 18

a taxonomic grouping of species that evolved from a single ancestor and includes all descendants of that ancestor

Answer 18

Monophyletic

Question 19

taxon is composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. groups are formed when two lineages convergently evolve similar character states.
Organisms classified into the same polyphyletic group share phenetic homoplasies as opposed to homologies.

Answer 19

Polyphyletic

Question 20

taxon is composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. an incorrect grouping of species sharing an immediate ancestor but not including all descendants of that ancestor.

Answer 20

Paraphyletic

Question 21

Independent evolution of same feature from same ancestral condition

Answer 21

Parallel Evolution

Question 22

Independent evolution of same feature from different ancestral condition

Answer 22

Convergent Evolution

Question 23

Reversion to ancestral condition

Answer 23

Secondary Loss

Question 24

“We can eat these plants, but not these.”

Answer 24

Edibility

Question 25

“These animals are sacred, these are evil.”

Answer 25

Cultural Meaning

Question 26

“These animals pull our plows, those we shear for wool.”

Answer 26

Utility

Question 27

study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extant and extinct.

Answer 27

Systematics

Question 28

study of the evolution of biological diversity

Answer 28

Systematics

Question 29

identifying, naming, describing classifying

Answer 29

Taxonomy

Question 30

Two part name (genus, species)

Answer 30

Binomial Nomenclature

Question 31

Seven Taxonomic Categories

Answer 31

Hierarchical Classification

Question 32

includes determination of an unknown specimen, and then assigning it a correct name and rank in an established system of classification.

Answer 32

Identification

Question 33

Ways to identify unknown species

Answer 33

1. sending the specimen to a subject expert in the relevant field or by visiting herbarium and comparing the specimen with already identified specimen that are present in the herbarium. 2. By use of already published literature of an area having description of similar kind of plants such as Floras, Revisions, Monographs and Manuals. 3. Use of virtual herbarium/database/website

Question 34

involves listing its features by recording its character state. diagnostic features are recorded which separates the taxa from others. diagnostic features determine the circumscription.

Answer 34

Description

Question 35

determination of the correct name of a taxon Binomial nomenclature

Answer 35

Nomenclature

Question 36

Who made Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 36

Carolus Von Linnaeus

Question 37

Two-word naming system

Answer 37

Genus * Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized Species * Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized

Question 38

Taxonomic Categories

Answer 38

King Philip Came Over For Green Soup

Question 39

a group organisms considered by taxonomists to form a related unit.

Answer 39

Taxon

Question 40

assembled on the basis of recency of descent from common ancestor.

Answer 40

Taxa

Question 41

is the application of names to organisms recognized as part of a particular taxon.

Answer 41

Biological Nomenclature

Question 42

Taxa are organized in a ----- of taxonomic ranks, from largest (most inclusive) to smallest (least inclusive).

Answer 42

Nested hierarchy

Question 43

Three aspects of taxon

Answer 43

Name, order, content

Question 44

Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity and combines data from the following areas.

Answer 44

Fossil record Comparative homologies Cladistics Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms Molecular clocks

Question 45

accumulation of all fossils found within layers of sedimentary rock and helps to reconstruct a geological time scale. Fossils are the remnants or impressions of organisms that lived in the past.

Answer 45

Fossil Record

Question 46

similarities among species attributed to the inheritance of a feature from a common ancestor. homologous vs homoplasious

Answer 46

Homologies

Question 47

A correspondence of structures in two life forms with a common evolutionary origin, such as flippers and hands.

Answer 47

Homology

Question 48

The relationship between characteristics that are apparently similar but did not develop from the same structure

Answer 48

Analogy

Question 49

A correspondence between the parts or organs of different species acquired as the result of parallel evolution or convergence.

Answer 49

Homoplasy

Question 50

Homologous sequences are considered paralogous if they were separated by a gene duplication event; if a gene in an organism is duplicated to occupy two different positions in the same genome, then the two copies are

Answer 50

Paralogous

Question 51

typically have the same or similar function, but sometimes do not. It is considered that due to lack of the original selective pressure upon one copy of the duplicated gene, this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions.

Answer 51

Paralogs

Question 52

physically similar structures between two taxa that evolved separately (rather than being present in the last common ancestor).

Answer 52

Analogous Structure

Question 53

is based on the idea that members of a group share a common evolutionary history and are more closely related to members within their group than to other organisms.

Answer 53

Cladistics

Question 54

groups are recognized as sharing unique, derived features not present in distant ancestors.

Answer 54

Cladistics

Question 55

branching diagram that illustrates hypothesized relationships based on shared, derived characteristics.

Answer 55

Cladogram

Question 56

studies compare sequences of macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids) among species, assuming that these macromolecules evolve at constant rates throughout time, and for different lineages.

Answer 56

Molecular Clocks

Question 57

He proclaimed that “our classifications will come to be, as far as they can be so made, genealogies”.

Answer 57

Charles Darwin

Question 58

Evolution on a scale of separated gene pools [2] can result in the speciation or emergence of new species

Answer 58

Macroevolution

Question 59

Change that occurs at or above the level of species

Answer 59

Microevolution

Question 60

2 major categories of evolutionary change

Answer 60

Anagenesis and Cladogenesis

Question 61

Three domain system

Answer 61

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 62

Six kingdom system

Answer 62

Bacteria, Archaea, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Question 63

Traditional 5 kingdom system

Answer 63

Monera, Animalia, Planta, Fungi, Protista