prenatal and postnatal

Question 1

why is important neuro?

Answer 1

help us diagnose and explain the structural and functional anomalies related to fetal development disorders

Question 2

causes of errors in development:

Answer 2

exposure to
teratogens or genetic anomalies or mutations

Question 3

weeks of embryonic:

Answer 3

3-8 week

Question 4

weeks of fetal:

Answer 4

9-38 wek

Question 5

2 outcomes in the second week:

Answer 5

1. fertilization goes well, succesfull implantation
2. fertilization has a damage, no pregnancy

Question 6

does the teratogens affects in the 2 weeks?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

the division of zygote:

Answer 7

blastocyst

Question 8

what is blastocyst?

Answer 8

fluid-filled
cavity that contains de
inner cell mass (ICM) and
lined by trophoblasts.

Question 9

bilaminar embryonic disc:

Answer 9

epiblast, hypoblast, trophoblast

Question 10

what is the epiblast?

Answer 10

gives rise to the entire embryo.

Question 11

what is hypoblast?

Answer 11

forms the yolk sac

Question 12

what are the throphoblasts?

Answer 12

form the trophectoderm
→ placenta

Question 13

what is gastrulation?

Answer 13

bilaminar embryonic disc undergoes the process of gastrulation and becomes a trilaminar disc

Question 14

when happen the granulation?

Answer 14

day 16

Question 15

layers of trilaminar disc:

Answer 15

endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

Question 16

Endoderm:

Answer 16

lining of organs of the digestive and respiratory systems and several glands.

Question 17

Mesoderm:

Answer 17

muscles, bones cardiovascular system and blood

Question 18

Ectoderm:

Answer 18

nervous system, epidermis, some connective tissues

Question 19

what is neural induction?

Answer 19

specification of Ectoderm: neural and nonneural

Question 20

when happens the neural induction and formation of neural plate?

Answer 20

17 days

Question 21

what is neurulation?

Answer 21

Transformation of neural plate into neural tube -
neural plate cells bend, fold, and fuse to transform
the neural plate into a tube of cells

Question 22

Primary neurulation:

Answer 22

(3-4 weeks) forms the brain and most of the spinal cord.

Question 23

Secondary neurulation:

Answer 23

(5-6 week) forms the sacral
region of the spinal cord.

Question 24

What produce the formation of neural crest cells?

Answer 24

give rise to neurons and
glia of the PNS

Question 25

what produce the formation of cranial placodes?

Answer 25

give rise to special sensory neurons and ganglia of several cranial nerves

Question 26

1° neurulation defects:

Answer 26

craniorachischisis, anencephaly (born without brain), open spina bifida

Question 27

2° neurulation defect:

Answer 27

spinal dysraphism with lipoma

Question 28

post- neurulation defect:

Answer 28

encephalocele

Question 29

what happens in Regionalization & patterning in the CNS?

Answer 29

Formation of major anatomic parts of cns - regions of the embryonic brain and spinal cord

Question 30

3-4 weeks primary vesicles:

Answer 30

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord

Question 31

4.5-7 weeks 5 secondary vesicles:

Answer 31

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 32

11 weeks anatomy:

Answer 32

cereral hemispheres, thalamus subthalamus hypothalamus and neuripituitary, midbrain, pons cerebellum, medula

Question 33

corticogenesis:

Answer 33

formation of cortex

Question 34

neurogenesis:

Answer 34

formation of neurons and glia, in prenatal, peak: 5 week and 5 month of gestation

Question 35

what is migration?

Answer 35

travel from their origin or birthplace to their final position in the brain

Question 36

sulci and gyri:

Answer 36

volume/expansion to the brain

Question 37

gliogenesis:

Answer 37

Formation of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells happens--> 16 week-1 or 2 years(late prenatal and early postnatal) peak-->late prenatal

Question 38

Axonal growth & pathfinding:

Answer 38

Neurons extend their axon (sprouting) & several dendrites

Question 39

what is growth cone?

Answer 39

process where Axons find their way to their targets by a specialized structure at the tip of the growing process

Question 40

Neuronal survival & apoptosis:

Answer 40

It is critical to prevent erroneous or unnecessary connections

Question 41

SYNAPTOGENESIS:

Answer 41

Formation of a synapse between a neuron and its target cell happens--> prenatal and postnatal

Question 42

Synaptic pruning:

Answer 42

elimination of inappropriate connections

Question 43

Developmental sensitive critical periods:

Answer 43

time windows when experiences have a greater impact on brain development and when it is most likely to strengthen important connections and eliminate unneeded ones

Question 44

Myelination:

Answer 44

starts late embryonic peak--> 4-5 years of life continue in adult

Question 45

what causes the myelination defects?

Answer 45

Impairments in the function of oligodendrocytes(hypomyelinating leukodystrophies)