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PSYCH 223 > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

what is epigenetics

A

refers to the change in gene expression that do not change DNA and can be inherited

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2
Q

true or false - identical twins are dizygotic twins

A

false - they are monozygotic

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3
Q

what abnormality is caused by an extra 21st chromosome resulting in 47 total chromosomes

A

down syndrome

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4
Q

what are the three types of down syndrome

A

trisomy 21, translocation and Mosaicism

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5
Q

is PKU transmitted through the recessive or dominant gene

A

recessive

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6
Q

the accumulation of what amino acid is the cause of PKU

A

phenylalanine

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7
Q

what is the treatment for PKU

A

there is no cure but people can be put on low phenylalanine diets , which means avoiding meat, eggs, nuts and flour

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8
Q

true or false - Huntington disease is curable

A

false - it is fatal

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9
Q

what is the percentage chance that the child of a parent with Huntington disease will also contract it

A

50/50

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10
Q

what are three different ways of assisted human reproduction

A

fertility drugs, in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination

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11
Q

what is the first trimester

a) 13th-24th week
b) 12 weeks
c) after the 25th week

A

b

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12
Q

in what semester can you start to see all the anatomical features of the baby

A

second

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13
Q

what are the prenatal development stages

A

germinal, embryonic and fetal

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14
Q

when does the germinal stage occur

A

from implantation to fertilization aka the first two weeks

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15
Q

which stage does cell specialization occur

A

geminal

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16
Q

what are the three layers of an embryonic cell

A

ecto/endo/mesoderm

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17
Q

match the embryonic layer to where they could be found

1) hair, teeth, nails and nervous system

2) digestive and respiratory system

3) reproductory, circulatory system and muscles

A

1) ectoderm
2) endoderm
3) mesoderm

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18
Q

true or false -the placenta develops in the geminal stage

A

false - it develops in the embryonic stage

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19
Q

what happens during the 13th-21st week of development

A

neuronal proliferation and response to sound

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20
Q

in what stage is there the refinement of organs

A

fetal stage

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21
Q

which is NOT a recessive gene disorder

Tay-Sachs, PKU, Huntingtons and Cystic fibrosis

A

Huntingtons is a dominant disorder

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22
Q

what are the 4 sex linked disordered

A

red-green color blindness, hemophilia, fragile X syndrome and duchenne muscular dystrophy

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23
Q

if a man has an extra copy of an X chromosome, what is the result

A

Klinfelter’s syndrome

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24
Q

if a female has only one X chromosome, what is the result

A

Turner’s syndrome

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25
which one of these has the largest critical period during gestation a) heart b) CNS c) genitalia d) eyes
b) CNS
26
what are the results of cytomegalovirus
deafness, brain damage and intellectual delay
27
true or false - rubella is caused by teratogens
true it is a viral infection
28
what is a vitamin that a woman is told to take as early as possible in their pregnancy
folic acid
29
what is the age ranges that can cause issues such as premature birth and higher infant mortality rates
older than 35, younger than 20
30
true or false - sickle cell anemia is the least common in black north americans
false - it is the most common
31
what is the most common fatal disease in children and young adults
cystic fibrosis
32
explain in brief what is the cause/outcome of the recessive gene disorders
Tay sachs - genetic neurological disease causing premature death Cystic fibrosis - fatal disorder; mucus obstructs the lungs Hemophilia - blood does not clot properly so there is an excessive amount of bleeding Duchenne muscular dystrophy - chronic disorder; degeneration of muscles
33
what are some issues that arise from older fathers
genetic mutations, autism and schizophrenia
34
what is amniocentesis
it is a procedure used to withdraw foetal cells from amniotic fluid in order to determine if there is anything wrong with DNA
35
what is the safest way to have a fetal assessment
blood test for alpha fetoprotein assay
36
with dizygotic and monozygotic twins adoption studies, compare the DNA and environment
different DNA and same environment ; same DNA and different environment
37
what are some examples in differences between midwives and OBGYN's
midwives - provide care for low risk pregnancy ; attend births everywhere ; less need for C-section OBGYN - treat low and high risk pregnancies ; attend births only in hospital ; more need for C-section
38
what are the three phases of stage 1 process of birth
dilation/effacement, active phase, transition
39
what part of stage 1 is called the latent phase
dilation and effacement
40
what is involved in stage 3 of the process of birth
delivery of placenta
41
what is a healthy term baby
38-40 weeks
42
true or false - doctors will try to induce birth when babies are post term
true
43
what does APGAR stand for
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respirations
44
is the initial encounter between baby and mother a sensitive or critical period
it is a sensitive period
45
what are the benefits of skin to skin contact
regulate heartbeat and temperature
46
what are the 7 reflexes
sucking, rooting, moro, grasping, stepping, babinski and tonic neck
47
briefly explain the rooting, moro, babinski and tonic neck reflexes
rooting - moving head when someone touches their cheek moro - extend arms/legs and project their bum when "dropped" babinski - wiggle the fingers when foot is stroked tonic neck - extend the arm that the head is turning to and flex the other
48
which of the senses is the least developed at birth
vision
49
which of the senses is the most developed at birth
touch
50
when does the crying peak and why
it peaks at 5-6 weeks ; it is called colic - it is because the digestive system has not developed 100% so there is pain
51
what are three concerns during postpartum
maternal depression, postpartum depression and psychosis
52
what kind of gene causes sickle cell anemia
recessive genes
53
approximately how much of the world are carriers of sickle cell disease
5%
54
what is the biological outcome of sickle cell diseases
red blood cells become half moon shaped and accumulate together which blocks the blood vessels, resulting in low oxygen supply
55
what kind of gene causes Tay Sachs
recessive gene
56
true or false - Tay Sachs is most common among Jewish and South Indian families
false - it is common among jewish and french canadians
57
1 in ___ carries the recessive gene for Tay Sachs
27 people
58
true or false - cystic fibrosis is caused by a dominant gene
false - recessive
59
approximately how much of the population is born with cystic fibrosis
1 in every 3,500 children
60
what is a possible treatment for cystic fibrosis
lung transplants
61
females with two X chromosomes are ____ to show sex linked disorders more likely/ less likely
more likely
62
is red green blindness more common among Asians or Caucasians
Caucasians
63
what is chorionic villus sampling and is it used more than amniocentesis
it is used less frequent it is done within the first 9-12 weeks and it where a syringe is inserted into the placenta to remove the chorionic villi which are then tested
64
what are kinship studies and what does it tell us
studies the distribution of a trait among relatives who differ in genetic closeness - parents and children have the most overlap in genetic endowements
65
true or false - male fetuses have a higher rate of a spontaneous abortion than female fetuses
true
66
are sperm or ova bigger than the other
ova are much larger
67
approximately how many couples have difficulties conceiving
1 in 6
68
what are two causes of female infertility
pelvic inflammatory disease - come from a bacterial or viral infection (STDs) endometriosis - the tissue that is supposed to shed during menstruation, accumulates in the abdomen causing lots of pain and infertility
69
what is a blastocyst and in what stage of development does it occur
germinal; fluid filled ball of cells that must be implanted in the uterine wall
70
when does miscarriages usually occur
within the first 3 months
71
true or false - the lower parts of the body take precedence over the growth of the head
false - other way round
72
what is the structure from which the nervous system develops
neural tube
73
what is toxemia
it is a life threatening disease for pregnant women because of very high blood pressure
74
what is the name of the drug used to treat insomnia and nausea in pregnant women that caused defects
thalidomide
75
tertaogens are most harmful during the sensitive or critical period
critical period
76
what is the drug that causes in an increase risk of stillbirth
cocaine
77
what is DES and why is it bad to be precribed
it is a strong estrogen drug that was shown to cause cancer in offspring
78
high doses of what vitamin are shown to result in birth defects
A and D
79
what are some sexually transmitted diseases that can cause miscarriage and stillbirth
HIV/AIDS and syphillis
80
what is the hormone that signals the mother that the baby is ready to be born
prostaglandins
81
what vitamin is injected into the baby at birth for blood clotting
Vitamin K
82
true or false - local anesthetic is given more frequently than general
true
83
what are the two terms that refer to the baby not receiving enough oxygen
apoxia and hypoxia
84
fine, downy hair is referred to as ____ and the oily substance on the skin is ___
lanugo and vernix
85
approximately what percent of mothers will experience the baby blues after birth
80%
86
if the baby scores a 7 and above on the APGAR scale, are they safe or in danger
safe
87
if a baby scores below a 4 on the APGAR scale, are they safe or in danger
in danger
88
when newborns are born are they far or nearsighted
nearsighted
89
when does SIDS most commonly accur
during the baby's first year
90
what does PURPLE stand for
peak of, unexpected, resists, pain like, long, evening

PSYCH 223 (11 decks)

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