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Developmental Psych > Prenatal Development + The Newborn Period > Flashcards

Prenatal Development + The Newborn Period Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

when does life begin?

A

varies significantly by culture
ex. Beng people believe in reincarnation, occurs once umbilical cord falls off

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2
Q

epigenesis

A

the emergence of new structures/functions in the course of development, argued by Aristole

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3
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells, contain only half the genetic material of all other cells in the body

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4
Q

meiosis

A

cell formation for gametes, only contain 23 chromosomes instead of pairs

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5
Q

conception

A

occurs if the sperm successfully fertilized the egg
only the strongest “fittest” sperm make it to the egg

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6
Q

are there differences in male/female fetuses?

A
  • male fetuses slightly more frail, affected more by teratogens
  • females tend to be less distressed at birth
  • females affected by selective abortions, climate change, etc.
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7
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg, contains 23 PAIRS of chromosomes
singular cell !!!!

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8
Q

developmental process

A
  1. mitosis
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. apoptosis
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9
Q

mitosis

A

cell division, zygote begins splitting/growing

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10
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

can develop into one of over 200 specific cell types, the subject of controversial research

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11
Q

apoptosis

A

genetically programmed cell death, ex. fetal hand plate

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12
Q

embryo

A

3rd to 8th week of development

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13
Q

fetus

A

9th week to birth

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14
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins

A

zygote splits in half, two zygotes with the SAME genetic material

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15
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

two eggs happen to be released, and both are fertilized, not genetically identical

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16
Q

what’s the general timeline of an egg moving to the uterus?

A
  • cells double between fertilization and implantation
  • embeds into the lining after about a week (less than half make it to this point)
  • cells form embryo, placenta, and amniotic sac
  • inner cell mass folds over into three specialized layers
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17
Q

neural tube

A

formed in top layer of differentiated cells, form brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

amniotic sac

A
  • membrane of clear fluid that fetus floats
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19
Q

placenta

A
  • a network of blood vessels, extends into mother’s uterus
  • semipermeable, mother’s blood won’t mix with baby
  • lets nutrients, waste, etc. exchange as needed
  • not 100% effective
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20
Q

umbilical cord

A

tube with blood vessels connecting the fetus and the placenta

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21
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

areas near the head develop faster than away from the head
central nervous system develops before peripheral

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22
Q

trimester 1

A

weeks 1-12

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23
Q

trimester 2

A

weeks 13-24

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24
Q

trimester 3

A

weeks 25-38

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25
week 1 development
zygote travels to womb, cells arrange to form embryo and support system
26
week 2-3 development
embryo forms 3 layers of specialized cell groups
27
week 4 development
neural tube develops, primitive heart, leg/arm buds
28
week 5-9 development
facial features, rapid brain growth, internal organs, fingers/toes, sexual organs
29
week 10-12 development
heart develops, spine/ribs, brain forms cortex divisions
30
week 13-24 development
lower body growth accelerates, hairy outer covering, facial expressions, movements felt by mother
31
weeks 25-38 development
- triples in size, brain/lungs developed, visual/auditory cortexes functional, capable of learning
32
fetal growth - movement
hiccups, swallowing amniotic fluid, "fetal breathing" begins around 5-6 weeks
33
fetal growth - touch
thumb sucking, rubbing face, grasping umbilical cord
34
fetal growth - vision
- minimal, prefer anything that appears "face like"
35
fetal growth - hearing
mother's heartbeat/voice, blood flow quite loud, 70-95 decibals!
36
fetal growth - taste/smell
- ingest amniotic fluid, depends on what the mother recently consumed - sweetened amniotic fluid experiment
37
habituation
simple form of learning, decreased response to repeated/continued stimulation
38
dishabituation
- new stimulis rekindles interest following habituation
39
proximodistal
core develops, then extremeties
40
age of viability
earliest the fetus can survive outside the womb (contantly changing due to medical advancements)
41
premature birth
born before 35 weeks (depends on weight, etc.)
42
what are the three periods of prenatal development
1. period of zygote 2. period of embryo 3. period of fetus
43
fetal brain development stages
1. assembly - migration/differentiation 2. bulking up - maturation 3. fine-tuning - pruning
44
neurogenesis
proliferation of nerve cells through cell division
45
neuronal migration
process during which nerve cells wander to their designated placed
46
synaptogenesis
formation of synapses (mylenation)
47
pruning
removal of unneeded connections
48
sexual differentiation
- sperm decides the baby's sex (only sperm carry Y chromosome) - child is "genderless" in first month
49
how can we measure learning in newborns?
- non-nutritive sucking/high-amplitude sucking - brain scans ex. Cat in the Hat study
50
teratogens
an external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal development, most harmful during sensitive periods ex. Thalidomide during arm/leg development
51
dose-response relation
the more exposure, the more serious its likely affect
52
fetal programming
sets body's responses for outside the womb ex. metabolism and the Dutch Hunger Winter
53
sleeper effects
problems from prenatal development may not appear until adulthood
54
drugs and prenatal development
- both legal and illegal drugs can have an impact - antidepressants, opioids, marijuana, cause several problems
55
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
unexpected death of an infant younger than one year, no identifiable cause
56
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
- altered facial structures, physical and behavioral problems
57
environmental pollutants and prenatal development
toxic metals, plastics, synthetic hormones, etc. often disproportionately affects poorer communities
58
maternal factors and prenatal development
age, nutrition, disease, emotional state
59
how does the fetus prepare for birth
- moves into head-down position, matured lungs may release a hormone to trigger birth - skull in plates for head to fit through mother's pelvic bone - squeezing forces out amniotic fluid
60
diversity in childbirth practices
- who is present, hospital v. home setting, medication, etc.
61
state
continuum of arousal, between sleep and intense activity
62
infants and sleep
- sleep twice as much as young adults - sleep in REM 50% of the time, decreases to 20% later in life - theorized that REM makes up for lack of visual stimulation while asleep
63
infants and crying
- peaks around 6-8 weeks - evidence that it is reduced by swaddling - colic: excessive, inconsolable crying for no apparent reason
64
Apgar score
evaluation tool of infant health at birth
65
infant mortality
- death in the first year after birth - generally related to poverty, lack of access to healthcare, etc. - lower in countries with free or cheap prenatal care
66
low birth weight
- many are premature or small for gestational age - greater risk of medical complications, etc. - increasing due to higher rates of higher-order births - may be associated with increased rates of child abuse
67
developmental resilience
- successful development in spite of many hazards

Developmental Psych (15 decks)

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