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prep bio exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sequence hierarchy of life

A

organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

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2
Q

short term memory (working memory)

A

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used. +_7

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3
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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4
Q

Encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

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5
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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6
Q

emergence

A

phenomena observed in biological subsystems, such as mitochondria and other organelles of living cells

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7
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information (comes before learning)

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8
Q

Learning

A

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience(comes after memory from repetition)

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9
Q

long-term potentiation

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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10
Q

chemical synapse

A

a type of synapse at which a chemical (a neurotransmitter) is released from the axon of a neuron into the synaptic cleft, where it binds to receptors on the next structure (either another neuron or an organ) —-when voltage changes protein opens, allows calcium to go into presynaptic neuron

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11
Q

Scientific method

A

1-Problem or observation
2-Collection of background information
3-State hypothesis
4-State predictions
5-test predictions
6-draw a conclusion
7-report conclusions
(does not prove things correct, proves things wrong)

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12
Q

control group

A

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. (Untested group)

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13
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

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14
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugar

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15
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

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16
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Use glycogen

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17
Q

Liver

A

Stores and pulls out excess glycogen and makes its glucose

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18
Q

Glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.(monomer)

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19
Q

Glucogon

A

produced by alpha cells in pancreas; increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver

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20
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver (polymer)

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21
Q

alpha cells of pancreas

A

secrete glucagon that go into blood so blood sugar goes back up

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22
Q

beta cells of pancreas

A

secrete insulin which controls levels of glucose so sugar can go back down

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23
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

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24
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

Where body does not make enough insulin or doesn’t respond to it

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25
Neurons (nerve cells)
Electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses(send signals through body)
26
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
27
Astrocytes
Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.(blood brain barrier)
28
Microglia
phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS
29
Oligodendrocytes
Act as electrical insulation
30
radial glia
guide cells important in development
31
ependymal cells
line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid
32
glia
Satellite cells, cell support
33
Schwann cells (PNS)
Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
34
Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
35
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
36
Carbs
glucose
37
Lipids
fatty acids
38
Proteins
amino acids
39
nerve impulse
action potential
40
Nucleus
holds DNA
41
Dendrite
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
42
Inter neurons
connect sensory and motor neurons (where decisions are made)
43
sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord(where you react)
44
conformation
Protiens will change shape known as this
45
Ligend
Gated channels- no neuro transmitter
46
voltage gated channels
open and close in response to changes in membrane potential
47
threshhold potential
potential at which sodium-channels open, allowing for sodium ions to readily enter the cell.
48
voltage of neuron
-70 mV at rest but when channel opens it allows positive ions to enter making the new threshold potential -55
49
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Sodium— more likely to fire- fires when voltage is more then 70
50
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
Potassium- less likely to fire- fires when voltage is less then 70
51
Summation
Decision making
52
Electrical synapes
less common but are much faster than chemical synapes(don't need postsynaptic neuron)
53
inductive reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
54
deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
55
presynaptic neuron
conducts impulses toward the synapse
56
postsynaptic neuron
the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse
57
synaptic plasticity
the ability of a synapse to change over time through use or disuse
58
Glucomate
chemicalsynapes — opens NMDA receptor and AMPA receptors which allow calcium in so memory potential goes up
59
NMDA receptor
A receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation
60
AMPA receptor
An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA.
61
Hippocampus
Where LTP occurs-memory
62
long-term depression (LTD)
a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse where the axons have been less active than certain other axons afferent to that neuron
63
Habituation
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
64
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
65
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
66
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
67
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

prep bio (2 decks)

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