Prep Exam Flashcards
Which of the following statements is/ are TRUE?
A. Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
B. Molds and mushrooms are filamentous fungi. The filaments are chains of cells called “hyphae”.
C. Nostoc (bacterium), algae and plants all have chloroplasts.
D. Human cells have both a cell membrane and a cell wall.
E. Nostoc (bacterium, algae and plants have mitochondria which evolved from primitive endosymbiotic bacteria.
F. Algae have historically been described as “plant-like” protists because they contain chloroplasts and cell walls.
G. Most bacteria, all fungi, all algae, and all plants have cell walls.
H. Photo autotrophs perform photosynthesis, and chemoheterotrophs require pre-formed organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy.
I. Animal cells lack cell walls.
J. Cyanobacteria, algae and plants are photoautotrophs. Fungi, protozoa, and animals are chemohetertrophs.
K. Most protozoa are unicellular, animal-like members of Domain Archaea, many of which are motile and lack cell walls.
A, B, F, H, I, J, G
Dracunculus Medinensis is a worm (helminth) that grows in human muscle tissue, and is traditionally removed by winding the worm around a stick. Helminths are members of Kingdom ___________
Animalia
Anthropods, such as mosquitoes, are of concern to microbiologists because
a. some act as vectors for human and animal disease
b. they’re just plain icky, and microbiologists love icky.
c. they cause disease DIRECTLY
d. some have venoms that can harm humans and animals.
a. some as a vector for human and animal disease
What did Louis Pasteur do/believe? (1864) Germ Theory of Disease
- Disproves Abiogeneis, microbes can grow from non-living
- Disproves Spontaneous Generation
- 1st vaccine for Rabies
- Pasteurization!!
What did Edward Jenner do/believe? (1976)
- Vaccinated against smallpox
-Used cowpox to protect from smallpox
What did Robert Koch’s Postulates do?
- Developed postulates to prove a specific microbe causes a specific disease
-Bacterial causes of TB, anthrax, and cholera
What are Robert Koch’s 4 postulates?
- Agent must have disease in all cases and absent in healthy ones.
- Agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
- Agent must cause the disease in the experiment host.
- Agent must be re-isolated from the disease experiment host.
What type of disease for which Koch’s Postulates wouldn’t apply?
- non-infectious diseases like cancer, autoimmune diseases
-COVID DOES fulfill postulates
What did Paul Ehrlich do?
- Theory of Immunity- how body reacts/response to immunity
- Chemotherapy
What did Fleming do? Who helped?
- Discovered Penicillin
- Florey, Chain, Heatly helped developed it
What did Joseph Lister do?
- Developed surgical antiseptic techniques
- Uses carbonic acid to prevent infections
What did Florence Nightingale do?
- Founded 1st nursing school
-Introduced cleanliness and antisepsis into nursing
What is abiogensis?
- the idea that living things can arise from non-living matter
- Old cloth and grain mice
- sealed meat sitting out
What were the 4 fluids that humans were thought to be made of?
- Blood
-Bile
-Black Bile
-Phlegm
What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?
- Implemented hand washing to help prevent childbed fever
- “Cadaver particles” transferred to cause disease.
What did John Snow do?
- Tracked cholera cases- spread of contaminated water by street pumps
-Epidemiology=infection control via sanitation
What is Buchner’s Experiment?
-Acellular Fermentation
- Before, it was believed fermentation could only occur in intact cells.
-Showed ‘in vitro’ can occur
-Foundation of modern biochem
What did Robert Hooke?
- 1st to observe eukaryotic cells
What did Kluyver and Van Niel do?
- Use microbes as model systems for studying metabolic reactions
-Diagnosing diease
What is bioremediation?
- Use living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments
Why study microbes? What is their importance in the world and to humans?
-Makes up everything in our life.
What sort of “agents” are studied by microbiologists?
- Microbes- non-living & living
The types of agents that are studied are cellular organisms like algae, molds, and bacteria. Acellular agents that are studied are viruses like influenza, HIV, and COVID-19. Also, prion agents like BSE and scrapie.
How are microbial agents classified- what are the major groups, and what distinguishes them?
What is an example of each group?
With what disease or process is the example associated?
-Microbial agents are classified as cellular organisms and acellular.
-Cellular organisms are living agents that contain a cell membrane and sometimes a nucleus.
-The main domains of cellular microbes are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
-Some examples of the main domains are algae, yeasts, and tuberculosis.
-Acellular agents are microbes with no cell membrane and are divided into two groups: viruses and prions.
-The groups are determined if the microbe contains any nucleic acid.
-Ebola from the virus group and Mad Cow disease from the prion group are examples of an acellular agent.
