presentation of quantitative data

Question 1

define scattergram

Answer 1

type of graph that represents strength & direction of relationship between co-variables in correlational analysis

Question 2

define bar chart

Answer 2

type of graph in which frequency of each variable is represented by height of bars

Question 3

define histogram

Answer 3

type of graph which shows frequency but, unlike bar charts, the area of the bars represents frequency - the x-axis must start at true 0 & scale is continuous

Question 4

what do summarising tables include

Answer 4

raw scores that have been converted into descriptive statistics

Question 5

where is it standard practice to include a summarising paragraph

Answer 5

beneath table explaining numbers & drawing conclusions

Question 6

when is a bar chart suitable

Answer 6

when difference in mean values wants to be easily seen

Question 7

when are bar charts used

Answer 7

when data is divided into categories (discrete data)

Question 8

why are bars separated on a bar chart

Answer 8

to denote that we are dealing with separate conditions

Question 9

what is plotted on the x-axis on a bar chart

Answer 9

frequency/amount of each category

Question 10

what do the bars touching on a histogram show

Answer 10

x-axis data is continuous rather than discrete

Question 11

what is the x-axis made up of on a histogram

Answer 11

equal-sized intervals of a single category

Question 12

what does the y-axis represent on a histogram

Answer 12

frequency within each interval

Question 13

what do scattergrams depict

Answer 13

associations between co-variables

Question 14

what occupies the x-axis/y-axis on a scattergram

Answer 14

either of the co-variables

Question 15

what does each point on the graph correspond to (scattergram)

Answer 15

x & y position of co-variables

Question 16

define normal distribution

Answer 16

symmetrical spread of frequency data forming bell-shaped curve - the mean, median & mode are all located at highest peak

Question 17

define skewed distribution

Answer 17

spread of frequency data that isn’t symmetrical, where data clusters at one end

Question 18

define positive skew

Answer 18

type of frequency distribution in which the long tail is on the positive (right) side of peak & most of distribution concentrated on left

Question 19

define negative skew

Answer 19

type of frequency distribution in which the long tail is on the negative (left) side of peak & most of distribution concentrated on right

Question 20

2 types of distributions

Answer 20

• normal distribution
• skewed distribution

Question 21

describe normal distribution

Answer 21

• when measuring certain variables, the frequency of these measurements should form a bell-shaped curve
• symmetrical
• most people/items located in middle area of curve
• mean, median & mode all occupy same midpoint of curve
• ‘tails’ of curve (extend outwards) never touch x-axis

Question 22

describe a positive skew

Answer 22

• most of distribution concentrated to left of graph = long tail on right
• various measures of central tendency are affected by this situation
• mode remains at highest point of peak, median next & mean is dragged across towards ‘tail’

Question 23

describe a negative skew

Answer 23

• bulk of scores concentrated on right
• long tail of anomalous scores on left
• mean is pulled to left, mode dissecting highest peak & median in middle