President Eisenhower

Question 1

Define Dynamic Conservatism

Answer 1

“Conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to human beings”

Question 2

What role did Ike get from Truman?

Answer 2

Commander-In-Chief of NATO

Question 3

Why was his war hero personality key?

Answer 3

As the General at Normandy, the voters trusted him with national security

Question 4

Who was Ike’s VP

Answer 4

Nixon- this won him the support of the Old Guard

Question 5

What was the vote percentage against Adlai Stevenson

Answer 5

Ike got 55% Stevenson got 45%

Question 6

What did the minimum wage increase by in 1955?

Answer 6

increased by 25 cent to $1

Question 7

what was the median family income by 1960

Answer 7

$5250- giving a 30% disposable income

Question 8

How many new homes were built, and how many were in the suburbs?

Answer 8

13 million built, 11 million in suburbs

Question 9

What was the cost of a house in Levittown?

Answer 9

$8000- only 2.5x averge family income

Question 10

How did Ike’s wife describe the automobile industry?

Answer 10

“One crowd that is prospering”

Question 11

how many cars were made in 1955?

Answer 11

7.9 million

Question 12

By 1960 how many were employed in the service sector?

Answer 12

7.6 million

Question 13

What percentage did industrial workers fall to?

Answer 13

36% from 39%

Question 14

How much was spent on advertising in 1960?

Answer 14

$11.9 billion

The advertising industry spen more on adverst that Federal Govt. spent on education

Question 15

How many US homes had a TV?

Answer 15

90%

This promoted conformity and psychologically manipulating advertising was used

Question 16

Due to the 1st credit card, how much private debt did Americans have (in total) by 1960?

Answer 16

$263.3 billion

Question 17

How did life describe the economic force of teenagers

Answer 17

A ‘$10 billion power’

Question 18

What percentage of Americans still lived in poverty?

Answer 18

25%

This meant having an annual income of less than $3000

Question 19

How many were unemployed by the 1958 recession?

Answer 19

5 million

Question 20

Define the New Look Policy [includes quote]

Answer 20

The focus on nuclear weapons ver conventional forces (massive retaliation as a tactic)
“More bang for a buck”

Question 21

How many Nukes did the USA have vs the USSR

Answer 21

USA had 5543, USSR had 650

BUT USSR launched sputnik and developed InterContinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)

Question 22

What did Ike actually say behind closed doors about nukes?

Answer 22

“We can’t use those god-awful things”

Question 23

Define Eisenhower’s foreign policy in Korea

Answer 23

Ike visits (as promised), uses threat of massive retaliation > peace talks armistic signed 1953
cost $70 billion
50,000 casualties

Question 24

Define Eisenhower’s policy in ‘Nam [inc. quote]

Answer 24

Ike said “no military victory is possible in that kind of theatre”
At Geneva ‘Nam is split in 2, Ike gives diem $7 billion in aid and establishes SEATO to protect
Ike agrees to covert air support from B-26 US bombers

Question 25

Define Ike's foreign policy with China

Answer 25

conflict over the islands of Quemoy and Matsu in the Taiwan Strait- Ike signs a treaty with Chiang Kai- Chek to defend Taiwan publicly suggests nukes -China backs down

Question 26

Define Ike's foreign policy with Berlin

Answer 26

Khrushchev threatens to turn access routes to Berlin over to E. Germany if West Berlin didn’t become a ‘free city’- Ike doesn’t respond or recognise it as a crisis- gives Khrushchev room to retreat, the crisis passes

Question 27

Define Ike's foreign policy with Hungary

Answer 27

Khruschev makes a speech denouncing Stalin’s methods, leaked by help of CIA -protests in Hungary, plans to leave the Warsaw pact Khruschev sends in army killing 3000. Ike doesn’t get involved as claimed helping rebels didn’t follow Truman doctrine and as it was landlocked it was inaccessible- ## Footnote in reality his priority was the middle east

Question 28

What was the U2 crisis (1960) ?

Answer 28

U2 was shot down over the Soviet Union. The pilot, Powers, was captured by the Soviets- exposed America's secret aerial reconnaissance program. Initially, the U.S. denied the spy mission, but the Soviets publicly revealed causing embarrassment, this derailed a planned summit between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

Question 29

Define Ike's foreign policy with Guatemala

Answer 29

saw as potential to go commie so CIA used to implement a Coup de’ tat- arm, train and fund 480 men and use a heavy campaign of psychological warfare- fake news broadcasts

Question 30

Define Ike's policy with Iran

Answer 30

Uses the CIA to encourage a coup in ’53 against the democratically elected pm due to threat of communism restored dictatorial pro-American Shah- gave the US 40% of Iranian oil ## Footnote This eventually leads to the Iranian hostage crisis under Carter

Question 31

Define Ike's policy with Egypt and the Suez canal crisis

Answer 31

Originally offered aid to Egypt withdrew by Dulles (Ike hospitalised) response to buying soviet arms and recognising China. Egypt nationalise the Suez Canal, England, France and Israel invade- Ike pressures them to withdraw as wants to keep commies out of middle east and wanted good relations with Arab nations for the oil

Question 32

Define Ike's foreign policy with Lebanon

Answer 32

Only time Ike sends US troops into another country- asked for aid due to threat of Nasser, only there for a month, no bullets fired, and Nasser goes lower profile

Question 33

How many Americans were added to the social security benefits?

Answer 33

10 million

Question 34

What infastrucutre did Ike establish?

Answer 34

The Interstate Highway

Question 35

What was the National Defence Education act (1958)

Answer 35

low-cost loans to college students and federal funding for courses seen as essential for the cold war

Question 36

What happened to McCarthy>

Answer 36

In 1954 50% of Americans supported McCarthy 1955 McCarthy polls slump and congress censured him McCarthy damaged the republican party as he made it seem divided

Question 37

What did Brown v. Board of Education achieve?

Answer 37

Removed all constitutional sanction for segregation ## Footnote However, the Supreme Court did not provide a timeline for desegregation, leaving it in effect in the Deep South.

Question 38

Who became the chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1953?

Answer 38

Earl Warren ## Footnote He played a significant role in advancing civil rights.

Question 39

What was the membership size of the White Citizens’ Councils formed in the South?

Answer 39

250,000 members

Question 40

What was Eisenhower's stance on desegregation?

Answer 40

He was not in favor of desegregation

Question 41

Who was highlighted in the July 1959 show 'The Hate that Hate Produced'?

Answer 41

The Nation of Islam and Malcolm X

Question 42

How did television impact the civil rights movement?

Answer 42

Made civil rights realities public knowledge

Question 43

What organization did MLK found in 1957?

Answer 43

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Question 44

What was the aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Answer 44

Integrated buses and black drivers ## Footnote It lasted 100 days with 50,000 participants.

Question 45

What was the outcome of Browder v. Gayle (1956)?

Answer 45

Desegregated buses in Montgomery only

Question 46

What was the reaction of black families when the KKK went through their neighborhoods during the boycott?

Answer 46

They came out and waved

Question 47

What was the Little Rock Crisis?

Answer 47

The Little Rock 9 attempted to enter a desegregated school, but were prevented by the governor and a white mob

Question 48

What action did Eisenhower take during the Little Rock Crisis?

Answer 48

He reluctantly sent federal forces

Question 49

What did Cooper v. Aaron (1958) conclude?

Answer 49

Segregated public schools were unconstitutional

Question 50

What did Arthur Larsen say about Eisenhower's stance on segregation?

Answer 50

"He was neither emotionally nor intellectually in favor of combating segregation"

Question 51

What was Eisenhower's response to the murder of Emmitt Till?

Answer 51

He did not punish the murderers

Question 52

What was the Civil Rights Bill of 1957?

Answer 52

Weakened by southern democrats and relatively useless ## Footnote MLK stated that 'the present bill is far better than no bill at all.'

Question 53

What were the Greensboro Sit-Ins?

Answer 53

70,000 students participated in refusing to leave the all-white Woolworth’s cafeteria

Question 54

What organization was set up following the Greensboro Sit-Ins?

Answer 54

Student Non-violence Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Question 55

What did the Civil Rights Bill of 1960 establish?

Answer 55

Obstructing black voters and court-ordered desegregation became a federal crime ## Footnote It was a moderate bill, weakened by southern democrats and only added 3% of black voters.