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Politics P2- mr scriven > Pressure Groups > Flashcards

Pressure Groups Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Link to structural theory?

A

Access’s points
-Federalims
-UK groups at Westminster
Uk parliaments more party discipline, less chance of MPs being swayed, congressional committee
-Role of US sc vs UKSC

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2
Q

Rational theory?

A

Much depends in both countries on which party in power
In both insider groups tend to prevail

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3
Q

Cultural theory?

A

-1st amendment right
-Numerous factions/groups in USA
-Loose v more centralised parties
-Unionisation and also Labour Party origins
-Greater participator culture in USA (Civil rights)

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4
Q

What is pluralism?

A

Political power does not rest simply with the electorate or the governing elite, but is distributed among groups representing widely different interest groups

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5
Q

What is elitism?

A

Political power rests with a small group who gain wealth, family status or intellectual superiority

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6
Q

Who created elitism?

A

C Wright Mills in the book the power if elites believing US was ruled by a small governing of wealthy and powerful individuals

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7
Q

Who created positivism?

A

Robert Dahl in ‘Who Goverens’

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8
Q

What are the different functions of pressure groups?

A

Representation
Citizen participation
Public education
Agenda building
Programme monetering

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9
Q

Functions- Representation?

A

-US citizens can have views represented
-Channel of easy access’s for ordinary citizens to voice opinions as this is the most important way in which their strongest held views are represented
-Representatives have wider role, in women, African Americans, gun owners, business owners environmentalists, Christina’s farmers or retired people can have their views represented to 3 branches of govt

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10
Q

Functions- citizen participations?

A

-Increase opportunity’s for ordinary citizens to participate in decision along process between election, political participations seen as virtue (Cultural)
-More elections in US but only held one day a year
-Americans seek greater participations in the democratic process, offer opportunity to participate in a specific policy area- pro areas, anti abortion etc

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11
Q

Functions- Public education?

A

-Seek to educate public opinion, warnings and dangers if issues aren’t arrested as well as the likely effects of fecisions made by the govt
-Berry and Wilcox, with there advocacy efforts, publications and publicity campaigns, pressure groups and make people better aware of both policy problems and proposed solutions

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12
Q

Functions- agenda building?

A

-Seek to influence agenda of political parties, legislators and bureaucrates to give priority to their members interests
-Attempt to bring about different parts of US society e/g/ mandafactures and distributors of CD’s and DVD’s and computers software working to get government pay attention to piracy of such goods causing China to close down factories that were illegally duplicated American goods

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13
Q

Functions- programme monitoring?

A

This is to scrutinise and hold govt to account in the implemention of policies, to try ensure that promises are fulfilled, policies delivered and regulation enforced
-NRA bring cases to state and federal courts asking the judicial branch to monitor effects of legislation
-ACLU legally challenged Trumps exec order placing a 90 day ban on entering US from Muslim countries

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14
Q

Example of corrupt pressure group/iron triangle?

A

Military industrial complex

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15
Q

Pressure group- Military industrial complex relationship?

A

Large military contractors lobby appropriations and armed forces committees who then give the budget to department of defence

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16
Q

Pressure group- Military industrial complex development 1950 v 60’s?

A

1950- total budget: $40 billion and $12 bill on military expenditure
1960- total budget $92 billion and $60 bill on military expenditure
Eisenhower was president during time and was scared by numbers driven by iron triangles

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17
Q

Pressure group- Military industrial complex development, Eisenhower?

A

-In his farewell address E warned dangers of emerging military industrial complex and threat posing to democracy in the USA
-Military major companies and US politicians in congress had vested interest in stoking the Cold War and lobbying the US govt to pursue an agressive foreign policy

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18
Q

Pressure group- Military industrial complex company’s developed through spending?

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A

Lockheed Martin
Boeing IBM

19
Q

How does the military industrial complex relate to George W Bush?

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A

-Bushes choice to invade Iraq was due to influence from present day miliatary industrial complex
-Since 2000 Lockheed Martin, Boeing and Bell helicopter donated large amounts of money to republicans
-Firms are among similar firms who received $40 billion in contracts to supply military equipment to the US armed forces
-32 members of Bushes EXPO had direct links with companies who won contratcs

20
Q

By country what do America spend on military expenditure?

21
Q

American medical association aims?

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A

The AMA advocate for the interest of physicians and medical professionals, focusing on healthcare reform, medical ethics and public interest

22
Q

American medical association methods?

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A

Lobbying, public advocacy, providing expert testimony and issuing party statement

23
Q

American medical association successes?

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A

Played crucial role in the passage of medicare and aid in 1960’s and influenced affordable care act

24
Q

American medical association controversies?

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A

Slow to embrace healthcare reform and accused prioritizing the interests of physicians over patent access to care

25
Aims of NARAL (pro choice group)?
Advocacy group that fights for abortion rights abd reproductive freedom seeking to protect and effective legal abortion
26
NARAL methods?
Lobbying, grassroots organisations, legal action and public education campaigns
27
NARAL functions?
Plays a role in on going debate over reproductive rights advocating for policies protecting woman’s health and choice
28
NARAL successes?
Blocked attempts to restrict abortion access and in securing legislative victories like the affordable care acts coverage of reproductive health service
29
NARAL controversies?
Criticism from anti abortion groups who argue that it promotes the normalisation of abortion Pro choice groups that believe its been to accommodating with moderate position
30
NAACP aims?
Eliminates racial discrimination and ensures civil rights for African Americans and other marganilised groups
31
NAACP methods?
Legal challenges, public advocacy, lobbying and grass root organising
32
NAACP functions in US democracy?
Oldest most prominent civil rights organisations in US, focusing on voting rights, criminal justice refom education equality and anti discrimination efforts
33
NAACP successes?
Played key role in civil rights legislation (Civil rights act of 1964) and voting rights act of 1965
34
NAACP controversies?
Faced criticism from some African American leaders who argue it doesn’t adequately represent all black Americans especially for criminal justice refom
35
Emilys list aims?
Emilys list is a PAC that supports pro choice democratic women candidates for elected office It’s goal is to increase the number of women in politics
36
Emilys list methods?
Fundraising for female candidates Endorsement and strategic support for campaigns of pro choice women candidates Organizing political mobilization efforts around women’s issues
37
Emilys list notable campaigners?
Focuses on electing democratic women to congress, the senate and state offices Working with elect figures like Nancy Pelosi, Elizabeth Warren and others aligned with its value
38
Emilys list success?
Helped elect more than 1000vpro choice women to office since its founding in 1985 Played a pivotal role in the 2018 year of the women where many women elected to congress
39
Emily list failures?
-Limited success in getting women elected in deeply conservative districts where pro choice is less popular -Struggled to gain traction in some state and local races against well established males candidates
40
Comparing UK and us election in
in US both houses are directly elected, in UK only the commons is elected - HOR elected every 2 years, HOC elected at least every 5 years - In US there is the possibility to hold direct primaries, in UK only party members have a say in the candidate selection - state level elections in US - governors, lieutenant governors, state legislators, nothing comparable in the UK - This means that US pressure groups have more opportunities to influence than UK pressure groups
41
Comparing Trade unions and businesses
In UK most Labour MP's have a formal link to a trad union (over 1/2 in 2015 had links with Unite) - Many business groups and corporations maintain strong financial links with the conservatives - In US business and organised labour gravitate towards the Republican and Democratic parties respectively - In both countries Labour and trad union membership fell from 13 million in 1979 to 7 million in 2000 - The AFL-CIO is the TUC equivalent and has more affiliated members, but millions of American workers belong to unions which are not affiliated to the ALF-CIO
42
Comparing Lobbying
Groups in the UK will be aware that the British Parliament is a much more controlled and disciplined body compared to the US congress which the executive branch has little control over
43
Comparing Executive
the dominance of the government in UK politics means that UK PG are focused on the executive branch - Policy-specific UK PG tends to focus their fire power on the appropriate govt department, US PG focus on the appropriate congressional committee
44
Comparing Judiciary
Judiciary - in countries which the constitution provides the courts with a formal role of judicial review, activists will use the courts more readily - the method of lobbying the courts is much more established in US than UK - this is seen through the time, money and energy that groups in US spend in lobbying the state and federal courts - US groups also have a ling0standing history of lobbying the SC and of being a major player in some landmark decisions on equal rights - But in UK there is no tradition of lobbying the judiciary because courts must operate within a constitutional structure dominated by the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty

Politics P2- mr scriven (19 decks)

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