Presynaptic Release of Neurotransmitter

Question 1

What is the structure that is designed to facilitate both transmission and receipt of information between neurons?

Answer 1

Synapse

Question 2

A ____ neuron will transmit information, that is received by a post-synaptic neuron

Answer 2

presynaptic

Question 3

A _____ neuron receives information that is transmitted by a presynaptic neuron

Answer 3

Post-synaptic neuron

Question 4

What kind of synapse utilizes gap junctions to transfer an ionic charge from one neuron to the next?

Answer 4

Electrical Synapse

Question 5

What kind of synapse has direct connection between neuron but relies on the movement of neurotransmitter filled vesicle to transfer information to the next neuron?

Answer 5

Chemical synapse

Question 6

Neurotransmitters trigger a response by binding to what?

Answer 6

Post-synaptic receptors

Question 7

What is an inter-membrane structure that enables direct “electrical” communication between adjacent cells

Answer 7

Gap Junctions

Question 8

Each cell contributes 1/2 of the gap junction channel called what?

Answer 8

Connexon

Question 9

Connexons between cells are connected via what?

Answer 9

Hemophilia interactions

Question 10

_____ are identical protein subunits that compose connexons and are arranged hexagonally around a central pore

Answer 10

Connexins

Question 11

What triggers the connexins to undergo a conformational change to allow the transfer of signals.

Answer 11

Voltage
PH
Ionic concentration

Question 12

A _____ neuron will transmit information, that is received by a _____ neuron

Answer 12

presynaptic; postsynaptic

Question 13

Neurons also communicate via synapses to _____ for motor control and homeostatic regulation.

Answer 13

peripheral effectors

Question 14

For electrical synapse:

The transfer of information is via _____ flowing across the gap junction

Answer 14

ionic charge

Question 15

For chemical synapse:

The transfer of information is via a _____ crossing the synaptic cleft and binding to postsynaptic receptors

Answer 15

chemical neurotransmitter

Question 16

A gap junction is an inter-membrane structure that enables direct “_____” communication between adjacent cells

Answer 16

“electrical”

Question 17

Each connexon is composed of six identical protein subunits called _____, arranged hexagonally around a central pore

Answer 17

Connexins

Question 18

Would low PH open or close the channels between the connexins?

Answer 18

Close

Question 19

Would high Calcium level open or close the channels between the connexins?

Answer 19

Close

Question 20

For electrical synapses, the transfer of information is via _____ from one neuron to the next through the gap junctions

Answer 20

Ionic currents

Question 21

Neurons interconnected via gap junctions will collectively be at the same state of activity in terms of ____.

Answer 21

Membrane potential

Question 22

_____ allows groups of neurons to collectively integrate and process information.

Answer 22

Gap junction

Question 23

Within the brain which may include interneuronal communications via gap junctions, the transmission of information from one neuron to the next occurs via _____.

Answer 23

Chemical synapses

Question 24

For ___ synapses, the transfer of information is via specific molecules (neurotransmitters) released from the presynaptic neuron, which function as a LIGAND to stimulate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 24

Chemical

Question 25

What are the two directional flow of information?

Answer 25

Electrical and chemical

Question 26

“electrical” transmission is along ___.

Answer 26

Axons

Question 27

“chemical” transmission across _____.

Answer 27

Synapses

Question 28

What is the directional flow of SENSORY information?

Answer 28

From a peripheral receptor into the central nervous system (sensory)

Question 29

What is the directional flow of NERVOUS information?

Answer 29

Between neurons (“interneuronal”) within the central nervous system (nervous)

Question 30

What is the directional flow of MOTOR information?

Answer 30

From the central nervous system to a “peripheral effector” (motor)

Question 31

____ transmission propagated action potentials along nerve fibers.

Answer 31

Electrical

Question 32

____ transmission is the transference of the signal from the nerve ending to the next neuron or peripheral effector via a synapse.

Answer 32

Chemical

Question 33

What is the space called that is between presynaptic and postsynaptic?

Answer 33

Synaptic cleft

Question 34

Information transfer from the presynaptic nerve ending to receptors along the postsynaptic membrane occurs via a _____ neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft from the nerve ending.

Answer 34

Chemical

Question 35

Along _____ membrane, there are receptors which receives the neurotransmitters.

Answer 35

Postsynaptic

Question 36

Nomenclature creates groups, or families, of related neurotransmitters based upon their _____ structure.

Answer 36

chemical

Question 37

What are monoamines (biogenic amines) derived from?

Answer 37

A single amino acid precursor

Question 38

What are the two examples of monoamines?

Answer 38

Tyrosine and tryptophan

Question 39

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are derived from?

Answer 39

Tyrosine

Question 40

Serotonin is derived from?

Answer 40

Tryptophan

Question 41

What is g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derived from?

Answer 41

Glutamate

Question 42

What is a primary neurotransmitter in PNS and CNS?

Answer 42

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 43

Synthesis of acetylcholine requires what?

Answer 43

Choline acetyltransferase

Question 44

Synaptic degradation of acetylcholine requires what?

Answer 44

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 45

Postsynaptic receptors are classified as?

Answer 45

Cholinergic

Question 46

Postsynaptic receptors are classified as cholinergic, what are the two major subgroups?

Answer 46

Nicotinic | Muscarinic

Question 47

What are the three Catecholamines?

Answer 47

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 48

What is the common precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine?

Answer 48

Tyrosine

Question 49

postsynaptic receptors are classified as _____.

Answer 49

adrenergic

Question 50

What are the two major subgroups of adrenergic?

Answer 50

Alpha and beta

Question 51

_____ is the principle excitatory neurotransmitter within the CNS

Answer 51

Glutamate

Question 52

___ and ___are the principle inhibitory neurotransmitters within the CNS

Answer 52

Glycine and g-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 53

A neuron’s “state of activity” is maintained through its response to the _____ that it receives

Answer 53

synaptic inputs

Question 54

A neuron’s state of activity is viewed in terms of: -Whether or not it is “___” action potentials. -When “___”, the frequency at which it “fires” action potentials

Answer 54

Firing; active

Question 55

A neuron’s state of activity is determined by its _____.

Answer 55

membrane potential

Question 56

- Signaling from the presynaptic - the arrival of action potentials at the nerve terminal - neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic terminal - ligand-activation of the postsynaptic receptors These are the four major steps for what?

Answer 56

Transfer of information from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron

Question 57

There must be a sufficient concentration of _____ in the extracellular fluid in order for neurotransmitter to release.

Answer 57

calcium

Question 58

What is the first major step in the process of neurotransmitter release?

Answer 58

mobilization and trafficking of vesicles to the active zone

Question 59

What is the second major step in the process of neurotransmitter release?

Answer 59

Docking of the vesicle to the axonal membrane at the active zone

Question 60

What is the third major step in the process of neurotransmitter release?

Answer 60

Fusion of the two membranes (vesicle and axon), leading to neurotransmitter release via exocytosis

Question 61

Mobilization and trafficking of vesicles to the active zone involves _____.

Answer 61

Synapsins

Question 62

Several key regulatory proteins must interact with the _____ proteins to cause docking, fusion, and exocytosis

Answer 62

SNARES

Question 63

What are the two cytoplasmic proteins that binds to SNARE complex causes dissociation in ATP dependent reaction?

Answer 63

SNAP and NSF