Pretest and Test 1 info to know

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Have no nucleus

Question 2

Prokaryote Domains

Answer 2

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 3

4 structures common to all cells

Answer 3

Plasma membrane, DNA, Cytosol, and Ribosomes (to make proteins with)

Question 4

Eukaryotes

Answer 4

-Membrane bound nucleus

Question 5

Plasma membrane Cell membrane)

Answer 5

composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
-It surrounds the cell

Question 6

nucleus

Answer 6

Stores DNA as chromosomes

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

-Harness energy of oxidation of food to form ATP
-Contains circular DNA

Question 8

Chloroplasts

Answer 8

• Site of photosynthesis
  -Plant cells only

Question 9

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 9

-Site of cell membrane synthesis
- Site of synthesis of proteins for the endomembrane system secretion

Question 10

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

Site of cell membrane and protein modification and sorting

Question 11

Lysosomes

Answer 11

Site of hydrolytic (degradative) enzymes. pH 4 in vesicle

Question 12

Peroxisomes

Answer 12

-Contains enzymes that function in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
-Degrades long chain fatty acids and destroys toxins

Question 13

Cytosol

Answer 13

Site of early metabolic breakdown and protein synthesis

Question 14

cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Movement and mechanical integrity
-3 types: microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments

Question 15

What structure is found in bacteria but not in animal cells?

Answer 15

Cell wall: Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, whereas animal cells do not have a cell wall

Question 16

what hydrocarbon has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

Answer 16

C2H4 (ethylene)

Question 17

What pair of term is correct to complete the sentence: Nucleotides are to____ as____ are to proteins.

Answer 17

nucleic acids: amino acids
-Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA)
-Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Question 18

What are proteins

Answer 18

Antibodies, enzymes, insulin, hemoglobin, etc..

Question 19

what is not a protein?

Answer 19

cholesterol
-cholesterol is a type of lipid typically a steroid

Question 20

What are all the structures common to plant and animal cells

Answer 20

-cell membrane
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria, mitochondrion
-Ribosomes
- RER
- Golgi Apparatus
-Lysosomes (Mostly in Animal cells, but present in some plant cells)
-Cytoskeleton
-Peroxisomes

Question 21

Structures found in animal cells but not plant are:

Answer 21

Centrioles, Lysosomes, Cilia and Flagella (in some cells), Smaller vacuoles

Question 22

Structures found in plant cells but not animal cells

Answer 22

cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, Plasmodesmata

Question 23

What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 23

A complex network of membrane-bound organelles within eukaryotic cells that work together to produce, modify, transport, and degrade proteins, lipids, and other molecules. Also facilitates communication within the cell

Question 24

Structures of the endomembrane system

Answer 24

Nuclear envelope
ER (Rough and Smooth)
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Plasma membrane

Question 25

What structure is not a part of the endomembrane system?

Answer 25

mitochondria

Question 26

The Rough ER is involved in

Answer 26

protein synthesis

Question 27

The smooth ER is involved in

Answer 27

steroid production

Question 28

Ribosomes

Answer 28

responsible for protein synthesis

Question 29

Mitochondrion

Answer 29

ATP production

Question 30

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 30

protein trafficking

Question 31

Lysosome

Answer 31

Lysosomes are specialized vesicles within cells that digest large molecules through the use of hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 32

Diffusion of a solute across a membrane includes:

Answer 32

Transport of an ion down it's electrochemical gradient, osmosis (the diffusion of water), and facilitated diffusion (diffusion of a molecule through a membrane via specific transport protein)

Question 33

hypotonic

Answer 33

solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the membrane

Question 34

hypertonic

Answer 34

solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell

Question 35

isotonic

Answer 35

solution has the same concentration of solutes with the cell

Question 36

if an enzyme solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain an even faster yield of products is to...

Answer 36

add more of the enzyme -When the enzyme is saturated with substrate, all active sites on the enzyme molecules are occupied, and adding more substrate will not increase the rate of rxn -Adding more enzyme increases the number of active sites available, allowing more substrate to be processed, which increases the rate of the rxn

Question 37

What metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?

Answer 37

glycolysis - In fermentation, glycolysis is followed by reactions that regenerate NAD+ without producing ATP -In cellular respiration, glycolysis is followed by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which produce a significant amt of ATP

Question 38

glycolysis

Answer 38

process which glucose is broken down into pyruvate occurs in both fermentation and cellular respiration

Question 39

What is the function of an enzyme

Answer 39

to speed up chemical reactions

Question 40

What is true for both mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 40

DNA replication occurs only once during interphase

Question 41

what are monosaccharides?

Answer 41

carbohydrates, they are simple sugars, such as glucose, that serves as an energy source for cells

Question 42

What are types of lipids?

Answer 42

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroid hormones, and fatty acids

Question 43

phenotype

Answer 43

the physical appearance resulting from the expression of the genes present

Question 44

genotype

Answer 44

the genetic makeup of an organism, the specific set of alleles it carries

Question 45

karyotype

Answer 45

a visual representation of an organisms chromosomes, arranged in pairs

Question 46

Plasticity

Answer 46

ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental factors

Question 47

DNA is copied prior to cell divison by the process of

Answer 47

replication (the process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself before a cell divides.

Question 48

Translation and transcription

Answer 48

processes involved in gene expression, not DNA replication

Question 49

Protein synthesis

Answer 49

refers to the process of making proteins, which involves translation and transcription

Question 50

You have developed a promising anti-cancer agent, but it has poor solubility in water. Which of the following changes should improve water solubility? A. adding a methyl group B. adding a carboxyl group C. increasing the size of the drug D. adding a hydroxyl group

Answer 50

B. adding a carboxyl group D. adding a hydroxyl group Both the carboxyl group (-COOH) and the hydroxyl group (-OH) are polar functional groups. These groups can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, improving the compound's solubility in water.