Prevent The Spread!! Flashcards
(26 cards)
> Intermittent presence of disease
Occurrence of a few scattered cases often without relationship to each other
Irregular and unpredictable intermittent presence of the disease
Sporadic
> Constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographical area
Disease occurs at expected frequency and present in population or region at all times however the level of disease is usually low and predictable
Endemic
- indicates persistent and intense transmission
Hyperendemic
o Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness clearly in excess of normal expectancy and derived from a common or propagated source
Epidemic
o Outbreak of an exceptional proportion spreading quickly from one area to anther, continental or worldwide proportion
Pandemic
The presence of a certain number of immune individuals in a community may after the spread of the disease
Herd immunity
Separation during the period of communicability of infected persons
Isolation
Limitation of movement of well persons who have been exposed to a communicable disease
Quarantine:
removal by scrubbing and washing of infectious agents on surfaces favorable for their growth
Cleaning
specific cure to shorten the period of communicability and/or course of illness
Treatment
Occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area among a specific group of people over a particular period of time
• Two or more linked cases of the same illness
Outbreak
Objectives of Outbreak Investigations
- To determine the cause of the outbreak
- To control ongoing outbreaks
- To prevent future outbreaks
- To provide statutorily mandated services
- To strengthen surveillance at local level
- To advance knowledge about a disease
- To provide training opportunities
Specific Demands when Investigating Outbreaks
- Unexpected event
- Need to act quickly
- Need for rapid control
- Work carried out in the field
STEPS IN OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION
- Defining the problem
▪ Verify the diagnosis of the reported case
▪ Compare present occurrence with usual occurrence as to person, place and time to verify the existence of an epidemic - Appraisal of existing information
▪ Get detailed information on agent, host, and environmental data in each case
▪ Processing of collected data (weekly report of notifiable diseases to DOH) - Formulation of hypothesis
▪ Type of outbreak
▪ Source of agent
▪ Mode of transmission
▪ Vectors of transmission
▪ Risk factors - Hypothesis testing
- Conclusion
Epidemic curve or EpiCurve
Number of cases (y axis) by time of onset (x axis)
-extra notes :
- Communicability: isolation of infected individuals
- Incubation period: important for quarantine
Incubation Period
- Interval from receipt of infection to time of onset of clinical illness
- Why doesn’t infection result in disease immediately?
- Time for organism to replicate sufficiently to build critical mass needed for disease
- Varies by disease
Standard set of criteria for deciding if a person should be classified as suffering from the disease under investigation
Case definition
special incidence rate used in investigations of disease outbreaks.
Attack Rate
Notes
✓ Although only new cases are counted in the numerator (as for the incidence rate) the denominator is always rt0, i.e. the population at risk (and directly exposed at the beginning of the outbreak, rather than an average population.
✓ The reason is that outbreaks are usually of relatively short duration and except for attrition due to the outbreak itself the population does not change appreciably.
Five Key Principles for Health Promotion
- It involves the population as a whole 2. It is directed towards action on the causes or determinants of health 3. It combines diverse but complimentary methods or approaches and not just a single method
- It aims at effective public participation supporting the principles of self-help movements o Envisions a community that could take care itself 5. Health professionals have an important role in nurturing and enabling health promotion
✓ Educator, advocates
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
outlawing alcohol in certain countries would represent primordial prevention ,whereas a campaign against drinking and would be an example of primary prevention
Primordial
> Pre-dse. Stage
Prevents onset of disease.It aims to reduce incidence of the disease
Health education and promotion&specific protective measures;environmental modification & sanitation
PRIMARY
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment Screening programs and Primary medical care.Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred
SECONDARY
Symptomatic Disease
Limitation of disability & rehabilitation from disease.
“soften” the impact of an ongoing illness/injury
Disability Limitation and Rehabilitation
TERTIARY
Ex:MMR,Malaria prophylaxis, immunization,nutritional supplements and occupational and automobile safety measures
PRIMARY
