Prevention Flashcards
(32 cards)
What happens when you catch a disease?
Your body creates special cells called antibodies to fight off the infection and if you survive you may become immune to further attacks of that disease
Define vaccine
The administration of antigenetic material to stimulate an individuals immune system to develop immunity. Can prevent infection
Define immune
Resistant to a particular infection
Define inoculation
Taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease
Where was inoculation developed?
In China then spread through Asia
Identify 3 stages of inoculation of smallpox
Small amount of pus taken from a sufferers smallpox blister, pus spread into a small cut made between thumb and forefinger of the person being inoculated, mild version of smallpox develops but the person survives and is immune to further attacks
Why did Lady Wortley Montagu have her kids inoculated?
This woman (the wife of the British ambassador to Turkey) witnessed this procedure in the early 18th century. She had almost died from smallpox when she was younger and was keen to protect her children so had them inoculated in 1721
How did inoculation become popular in Britain?
People held smallpox parties where they were all inoculated together. Doctors were paid for this so could make a lot of money
What were the 3 problems with inoculation?
Did not completely solve the problem of smallpox as not everyone could always have it done, it wasn’t always effective or safe
When was inoculation tested on condemned prisoners?
1723
What discovery did Jenner make?
If people had had cowpox they could not catch smallpox
How did Jenner test his theory?
On the 14th May 1796 he inserted some cowpox matter from Sarah Nelmes arm into two cuts an eight year old boy called James Phipps’ arm. A week later he became chilly and lost his appetite but the next day was fine. On the 1st July 1796 Jenner inoculated James with smallpox but no disease followed, he tried again several months later but not even a mild case developed
How did Jenner make sure his theory worked on more than one person?
Vaccinated 23 people in the same way including his 11 month old son
What did Jenner do in 1798?
Published his ideas and gave the name vaccination to his new technique of inoculation
How was there opposition to Jenner’s theory?
The Royal Society refused to publish his account so he had to pay for his report to be printed himself
What did the British government do in 1802 then in 1807?
Awarded Jenner £10,000 for his work then £20,000 five years later
Identify 6 limitations of Jenner’s work
The link only existed between cowpox and smallpox not any other diseases, preventative measures against disease did not change and during the cholera epidemics of 19th century local authorities ordered barrels of tar to be burned due to the idea of miasmas, no one understood how or why the vaccination worked before Pasteur and Kochs work so this technique could not be applied to other major diseases like cholera (a threat in the 19th century), many people resisted vaccination as they disliked the idea of using a disease related to animals, vaccination was sometimes incorrectly applied and failed, doctors lost money when the government provided a grant to pay for people to have free vaccinations because nobody was paying for inoculations
Identify 8 achievements of Jenner’s work
The first time a disease could be safely prevented, better than inoculation, Jenner was willing to offer free vaccinations so all groups in society could benefit, inspired the work of Pasteur and Koch who used his method (weaker strains of a virus to make someone immune), by 1979 the world health organisation confirmed smallpox had been wiped out around the world, by 1801 100,000 people were vaccinated in England and by 1811 1.7 million people were vaccinated in France, Jenner printed pamphlets for other scientists which described his experiments very clearly so scientists could check his work, in 1802 the Jennerian society was set up in London to promote vaccinations and within 2 years over 12,000 were vaccinated, in 1854 vaccination was compulsory
Which four factors affected the development of the smallpox vaccine?
Communication, changing attitudes, government, scientific thinking
Why was Jenner’s work important to Pasteur’s development of vaccines?
Pasteur knew all about Jenner’s work and also knew that microbes caused disease so he carried out experiments to find more vaccines which would build up people’s immunity
Which 3 vaccines did Pasteur develop?
Anthrax, chicken cholera, rabies
How did Pasteur create his rabies vaccine?
Tested his vaccine on dogs then in 1885 on a boy named Joseph Meister who had been bitten by a rabid dog. Pasteur gave Joseph 13 injections within 2 weeks and the boy survived
Which 4 vaccines were produced by other scientists as a consequence of Pasteur’s work?
1896 typhoid, 1906 tuberculosis, 1913 diphtheria, 1927 tetanus
What 6 prevention strategies did the government introduce after 1900?
Compulsory vaccines and campaigns, clean air act, chemical fluoride in water supply, smoking ban, tracking travellers during cholera epidemics 2014-15 and putting quarantine measures into place, charities like the British Heart Foundation create adverts encouraging people to give up smoking and start exercising to protect their body
